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">;AB>9. @59F5@>20 A>=0B0 // !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 22 B><0E, B. 12, .: %C4>65AB25==0O ;8B5@0BC@0, 1982, A. 160. 82. !<. >1 MB>< ?>4@>1=55: . . 8H=52A:89. 5AB> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> 7=0=8O 2 87CG5=88 ?@>:@50B82=>3> ?>2545=8O 2 !!!  // B>@>9 A>25BA:>-D@0=FC7A:89 45<>3@0D8G5A:89 A5<8=0@, !C740;L, 15-19 A5=BO1@O 1986. ., 1986. 83. . . !5<5=>20-"O=-(0=A:0O. 87=L "20=0" // 0?8A:8 <?5@0B>@A:>3> >AA89A:>3> 5>3@0D8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 ?> >B45;5=8N MB=>3@0D88. ". 39. !1., 1914, A. 59. 84. . . #A?5=A:89. ;0ABL 75<;8 // !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 9 B><0E, B. 5, %, 1956, A. 186. 85. 8H=52A:89. 0==85 MB0?K.., A. 122. 86. ..10=:>2. 01LO AB>@>=0. 0B5@80;K 4;O AB0B8AB8:8 >AB@><A:>9 3C15@=88. K?. 8. >AB@><0, 1891, A. 82. &8B. ?>: 8H=52A:89. 0==85 MB0?K.., A. 123. 87. KB 25;8:>@CAA:8E :@5ABLO=-75<;5?0HF52, A. 275. 88. . $. >=8. !0<>C189AB2> 2 70:>=5 8 687=8 // !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 8 B><0E. 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'B> 65 :0A05BAO A>1AB25==> M@>B8G5A:>3> 8A:CAAB20, 53> ?5@2K5 A;01K5 @>AB:8 =5 CA?5;8 C:>@5=8BLAO 2 >1I5AB25==>9 687=8 8 1K;8 A<5B5=K @52>;NF8>==>9 1C@59 1917 3>40. @8<5G0=8O : 3;025 3 1. 87=L 8 ?@8:;NG5=8O =4@5O >;>B>20, >?8A0==K5 A0<8< 8< 4;O A2>8E ?>B><:>2. 1738-1793. .; .: Academia, 1931. T.I, A. 444-447. 2. !<. . 0@:>2. 7 A1>@=8:0 "528GLO 83@CH:0" // "@8 25:0 ?>M788 @CAA:>3> -@>A0, A. 24-59.0 =5< A<.: . ;NH8=. 20= 0@:>2 8 4@C385 // "0< 65, A. 4-22; . >@8=. 0@:>2 8 10@:>-280=0. @5420@8B5;L=K5 70<5G0=8O // 8B5@0BC@=>5 >1>7@5=85, 1991, ! 11, A. 18-21. 081>;55 ?>;=>5 =0CG=>5 8740=85 0@:>20 8 10@:>280=K A<. 528GLO 83@CH:0, 8;8 !>G8=5=8O 3>A?>48=0 0@:>20. 740=85 ?>43>B>28;8 . >@8= 8 . !0?>2. - 04><8@, 1992; >4 8<5=5< 0@:>20. -@>B8G5A:0O ?>M78O XVIII - =0G0;0 XX 25:0. 740=85 ?>43>B>28; . !0?>2. .: 04><8@, 1994. 3. . !. CH:8= 2 2>A?><8=0=8OE A>2@5<5==8:>2. ., 1985, B. 2, A. 193. 4. . ;NH8=. 20= 0@:>2 8 4@C385, A. 6-7. 5. "0< 65, A. 8. 6. ..30@52. 71@0==K5 ?@>872545=8O 2 2 B><0E. ". 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B>B, :B> =8G5<C =5 25@8;, 1K; >1@5G5= ?>B><C, GB> @0=> 8;8 ?>74=> ?@>3>20@820;AO 8;8 701>;520; =52@>7>< (?>A;54>20B5;L=K5 F8=8:8 2AB@5G0NBAO =5 B0: G0AB>). @>I5 2A53> 1K;> 8A:@5==5 25@8BL >D8F80;L=K< ?@028;0< (=0 ?C1;8:5) 8 B0: 65 8A:@5==5, =5 8A?KBK20O C3@K75=89 A>25AB8, =0@CH0BL MB8 ?@028;0 2 G0AB=>9 687=8. > AB0@><C 0=5:4>BC, >3 40; G5;>25:C B@8 :0G5AB20 - C<, G5AB=>ABL 8 ?0@B89=>ABL, => A CA;>285<, GB>1K >=8 =8:>340 =5 A>G5B0;8AL 2 >4=>< ;8F5. 7 MB>3> ?@028;0 8A:;NG5=89 =5 1K;>. > "25@=5<AO : =0H8< 10@0=0<". ;02=K< 4>AB865=85< 1960-1970-E 33. 1K;> @>645=85 <548F8=A:>9 A5:A>;>388, ?>;CG82H59 2 !!!  8<O "A5:A>?0B>;>388". 0720=85 MB> A8<?B><0B8G=>, ?>4@07C<520O, GB> "=>@<0;L=0O" A5:AC0;L=>ABL 15A?@>1;5<=0, 2 =59 2A5 OA=>, 0 B>B, C :>3> ?@>1;5<K 5ABL, 4>;65= >B40BLAO =0 2>;N 2@0G59. ">, GB> 87CG5=85 ?@>1;5< ?>;0 2 ?>A;52>5==>< !!!  =0G0;>AL 2 <548F8=5, 2?>;=5 5AB5AB25==>. "0: 1K;> 2 XIX - =0G0;5 XX 2. 2 2@>?5 8 2 4>@52>;NF8>==>9 >AA88. !B0;8=A:89 B5@@>@ 2K:>@G520; 2A5, GB> 45;0;>AL @0=LH5, B5?5@L CG5=K< ?@8H;>AL 2A5 =0G8=0BL A =0G0;0. 5@5@K2 2 8AA;54>20=8OE =03;O4=> >B@0605BAO 2 AB0B8AB8:5 A>>B25BAB2CNI8E ?C1;8:0F89. > ?>4AG5B0< . &. 0A528G0 8 . . )53;>20, 2 D>=40E 5=8=3@04A:>9 ?C1;8G=>9 181;8>B5:8 @CAA:85 :=838 ?> A5:A>?0-B>;>388 @0A?@545;ONBAO ?> 3>40< 8740=8O A;54CNI8< >1@07><: 4> 1917 3.-126 1917-1936 33. - 52 1936-1960 33. - 5 1961-1969 33. - 14 1970-1980 33. - 61 1980-1984 33. - 35 "0:0O 65 48=0<8:0 8 2 :=830E ?> 38385=5 ?>;>2>9 687=8. >2>9 48AF8?;8=5 1K;> >G5=L B@C4=> 2AB0BL =0 =>38. 0: 8 2A5 =>2>5 2 !!! , >=0 A>74020;0AL =5 ?> 2>;5 ?0@B88 8 <548F8=A:>3> 8ABM1;8H<5=B0, 0 2>?@5:8 8<, A8;0<8 >B45;L=KE M=BC780AB>2. ><8<> >1I53> =530B82=>3> >B=>H5=8O : A5:AC0;L=>AB8 <5H0;0 2@06451=>ABL A> AB>@>=K ?@54AB028B5;59 AB0@KE <548F8=A:8E 48AF8?;8=, >A>15==> C@>;>3>2. >MB><C @0728B85 1K;> <54;5==K<. 5@2K9 A5A>N7=K9 A5<8=0@ ?> ?>43>B>2:5 2@0G59 A5:A>?0B>;>3>2 1K; ?@>2545= ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< ?@>D5AA>@0 . . 20=>20 2 >@L:><. "0< 65 A>AB>O;8AL 8 420 A;54CNI8E A5<8=0@0 - 2 1914 8 1966 33. "@5B89 1K; ?@>2545= 2 1967 3. C65 2 >A:25, =0 1075 >B45;5=8O A5:A>?0B>;>388 >A:>2A:>3> =0CG=>-8AA;54>20B5;LA:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 ?A8E80B@88 8=74@020 !$! .  19733. MB> >B45;5=85 ?@8>1@5;> AB0BCA A5A>N7=>3> =0CG=>-<5B>48G5A:>3> F5=B@0 ?> 2>?@>A0< A5:A>?0B>;>388, :>>@48=8@CNI53> 45OB5;L=>ABL 2@0G59-A5:A>?0B>;>3>2 ?> 2A59 AB@0=5. 0 A5<8=0@0<8 ?>A;54>20;0 ?C1;8:0F8O =5A:>;L:8E <0;>B8@06=KE A1>@=8:>2: ":BC0;L=K5 2>?@>AK A5:A>?0B>;>388" (1967), ">?@>AK A5:A>?0B>;>388" (1969), "@>1;5<K A>2@5<5==>9 A5:A>?0B>;>388" (1972). !1>@=8:8 MB8 1K;8 ?5AB@K<8 ?> B5<0B8:5 8 C@>2=N, => >=8 4020;8 2>7<>6=>ABL A?5F80;8AB0< 87 @07=KE >B@0A;59 <548F8=K >1<5=820BLAO 40==K<8 8 :;8=8G5A:8< >?KB><. =0G0;5 2 A>25BA:>9 A5:A>?0B>;>388 ?@5>1;040; <>=>48AF8?;8=0@=K9 ?>4E>4, 2 :>B>@>< B>= 704020;8 C@>;>38 8, 2 <5=LH59 <5@5, 38=5:>;>38 8 M=4>:@8=>;>38. > ?>A;5 B>3> :0: A5A>N7=K9 F5=B@ 2>73;028; =52@>?0B>;>3 ?@>D5AA>@ 5>@389 !B5?0=>28G 0A8;LG5=:>, :0@B8=0 87<5=8;0AL. > <=5=8N 0A8;LG5=:>, A5:-A>?0B>;>38O 4>;6=0 1KBL =5 "1@8304=>9" ?><>ILN, :>340 C@>;>3 ;5G8B "A2>N" ?0B>;>38N, ?A8E80B@ - "A2>N", M=4>:@8=>;>3 - "A2>N", 0 A5:A>?0B>;>3 A>AB>8B ?@8 =8E 2 :0G5AB25 48A?5BG5@0, 0 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>9 <5648AF8?;8=0@=>9 :;8=8G5A:>9 48AF8?;8=>9.  MB>< 4CE5 =0?8A0=K ?5@2K5 A>25BA:85 @C:>2>4AB20 4;O 2@0G59 ?>4 @540:F859 . !. 0A8;LG5=:> - "1I0O A5:A>?0B>;>38O" (1977) 8 "'0AB=0O A5:A>?0B>;>38O" (1983, 2 42CE B><0E), 0 B0:65 "!?@02>G=8:. !5:A>?0B>;>38O" (1990). !>>B25BAB25==> 8 ?>43>B>2:0 A5:A>?0B>;>3>2 4>;6=0 1KBL <=>3>48AF8?;8=0@=>9. %>BO 2 MB>< 1K;0 70;>65=0 >?0A=>ABL 48;5B0=B87<0 8 ?>B5=F80;L=KE :>=D;8:B>2 A ?@54AB028B5;O<8 A<56=KE 48AF8?;8=, "A8AB5<=K9 ?>4E>4" >@85=B8@>20; 2@0G0 =0 B>, GB>1K 2845BL A5:AC0;L=>ABL 2 F5;><, 0 =5 B>;L:> 55 >B45;L=K5 ?0@0<5B@K 8 A>AB02;ONI85.  5=8=3@045 ?5@2K9 !5:A>;>38G5A:89 F5=B@ ?@8 3>@>4A:>< >B45;5 74@02>>E@0=5=8O (=0 >1I5AB25==KE =0G0;0E) A>740; ?@>D5AA>@-?A8E80B@ 1@0< >8A5528G !2O4>I. 3> :=830 "5=A:0O A5:A>?0B>;>38O" (1974), 2K45@602H0O B@8 8740=8O, AB0;0 =0AB>OI8< 15ABA5;;5@><. 0AA:07K20;8, GB> >4=064K 2>@K, >3@0182H85 1>30BCN :20@B8@C, 87 2A59 181;8>B5:8 701@0;8 B>;L:> :=83C !2O4>I0. 5=8=3@04A:85 ?A8E80B@K ?@>D5AA>@ <8B@89 8:>;0528G A052 8 8:B>@ D8<>28G 030= =0G0;8 87CG5=85 D>@<8@>20=8O ?>;>2>9 845=B8G=>AB8 8 ?@>1;5< 45BA:>9 8 ?>4@>AB:>2>9 A5:AC0;L=>AB8.  1986 3. >=8 >?C1;8:>20;8 ?5@2>5 A>25BA:>5 @C:>2>4AB2> 4;O 2@0G59 "A8E>38385=0 ?>;0 C 45B59" (=0720=85 "5BA:0O A5:A>;>38O" 4065 2 MB> 2@5<O 5I5 :070;>AL A;8H:>< 2K7K20NI8<). 0 #:@08=5, 2 @0<:0E &5=B@0 ?> A5:A>?0B>;>388 852A:>3> =0CG=>-8AA;54>20B5;LA:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 C@>;>388 8 =5D@>;>388 ?@>D5AA>@ 20= $54>@>28G .=40 A>740; A2>N A>1AB25==CN A5:A>;>38G5A:CN H:>;C, ?@58<CI5AB25==> A C@>;>38G5A:8< C:;>=><. 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B><C 65 AG8B05BAO, GB> 18>;>388 8 <548F8=5 =04> >1O70B5;L=> CG8BLAO, 0 ?A8E>;>3>< 8;8 A>F8>;>3>< :064K9 <>65B AB0BL 8 157 ?>43>B>2:8. !0<0 A5:A>?0B>;>38O 1K;0 2 A>25BA:>9 <548F8=5 ?0AK=:><. 5@2K5 A5:A>;>38G5A:85 :018=5BK AB0;8 A>74020BLAO 2 AB@0=5 2 1963 3.  1973 3. 8=74@02 !!!  >D8F80;L=> A>740; 3>AC40@AB25==CN A5:A>?0B>;>38G5-A:CN A;C61C 2 3>@>40E A =0A5;5=85< A2KH5 1 <8;;8>=0. -B>3> 1K;>, :>=5G=>, <0;>.  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C4CG8 A0< 2>A?8B0= 2 ?C@8B0=A:>< 4CE5, O =5 A>18@0;AO MB8 B01C =0@CH0BL. >8 ;8G=K5 70?@>AK 2?>;=5 C4>2;5B2>@8;> 2 1950-E 33. 7=0:><AB2> A :;0AA8G5A:>9 AB0@>9 :=83>9 "5>4>@0 0= 45 5;L45 "450;L=K9 1@0:", 0 2 =0CG=>-B5>@5B8G5A:>< ?;0=5 A5:AC0;L=>ABL =5 :070;0AL <=5 4>AB>9=K< AN65B><. >8 3;02=K5 =0CG=K5 8=B5@5AK :0A0;8AL D8;>A>D88 8 <5B>4>;>388 >1I5AB25==KE =0C:, B5>@88 ;8G=>AB8 8, =5A:>;L:> ?>765, A>F8>;>388 8 ?A8E>;>388 N=>H5A:>3> 2>7@0AB0. > 2A5 MB8 B@8 :@C30 2>?@>A>2 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 70AB02;O;8 704C<K20BLAO =04 ?@>1;5<0<8 ?>;0 8 A5:AC0;L=>AB8. 0=8<0OAL 8AB>@859 70?04=>9 A>F8>;>388, O C65 2 1950-E 33. ?>7=0:><8;AO A B@C40< 8 ;LD@540 8=78, 0 70B5< - 8=B5@5A=> 65! - 8 A 4@C38<8 ?>4>1=K<8 :=830<8.  5A;8 7=05HL GB>-B> 206=>5 - :0: =5 ?>45;8BLAO A 4@C38<8? >O ?5@20O AB0BLO =0 MB8 B5<K ">;>20O <>@0;L 2 A25B5 A>F8>;>388" (1966) 1K;0 =0?8A0=0 ?> 70:07C @540:F88 6C@=0;0 "!>25BA:0O ?5403>38:0". 5A:>;L:> AB@0=8F > A5:AC0;L=>9 @52>;NF88 8 > ?A8E>A5:AC0;L=>< @0728B88 G5;>25:0 A>45@60;0 8 :=830 "!>F8>;>38O ;8G=>AB8" (1967). !B0BLO "!5:A, >1I5AB2>, :C;LBC@0" 2 6C@=0;5 "=>AB@0==0O ;8B5@0BC@0" (1970) 1K;0 ?5@2>9 8 2 B5G5=85 <=>38E ;5B 548=AB25==>9 2 !!!  ?>?KB:>9 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 A5@L57=>3> >1AC645=8O ?@>1;5< A5:AC0;L=>-M@>B8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K. 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MB>< 4>:C<5=B5 2?5@2K5 @57:> 3>2>@8;>AL > =5>1E>48<>AB8 @0728B8O :>=B@0F5?F88 8 1>@L1K A 01>@B0<8. 4=0:> > A5:AC0;L=>< ?@>A25I5=88, 157 :>B>@>3> MB> =52>7<>6=>, :0: 2A5340, 701K;8. / >?C1;8:>20; 2 "@0245" (26 023CAB0 1987) ?8AL<>: "@O4 ;8 =C6=> 4>:07K20BL, :0: 206=0 4;O 74>@>2LO =0A5;5=8O ?>;>20O 687=L. !5:AC0;L=>5 1;03>?>;CG85 - >4=> 87 CA;>289 ?A8E8G5A:>3> 74>@>2LO ;8G=>AB8, >=> 2E>48B 2 G8A;> B@5E 3;02=KE D0:B>@>2, >B :>B>@KE 7028A8B CAB>9G82>ABL 8 AG0ABL5 AC?@C65AB20, MB> 206=K9 D0:B>@ @>6405<>AB8 8 2>A?8B0=8O 45B59. 4=0:> C@>25=L A5:AC0;L=>9 :C;LBC@K C =0A :@09=5 =87>:.  ?@>5:B5 MB8 2>?@>AK 701KBK". >5 ?@54;>65=85 4>?>;=8BL ?@>5:B C:070=85< =0 =5>1E>48<>ABL ?>;>2>3> ?@>A25I5=8O 8 ?>43>B>2:8 <>;>4568 : A5<59=>9 687=8 1K;> ?@8=OB> 8 2:;NG5=> 2 >:>=G0B5;L=K9 B5:AB 4>:C<5=B0, => ?@0:B8G5A:8 =8G53> A45;0=> =5 1K;>. 8=8AB5@AB2> 74@02>>E@0=5=8O, :>B>@><C ?@8E>48;>AL 8<5BL 45;> A ?>4@>AB:>2K<8 15@5<5==>ABO<8 8 01>@B0<8, : MB><C 2@5<5=8 C65 ?>=O;> =5>1E>48<>ABL A5:AC0;L=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O. > H:>;0 1K;0 =5 2 53> 2545=88, 0 2> 2;0AB8 >AC40@AB25==>3> :><8B5B0 ?> =0@>4=><C >1@07>20=8N !!! , ?@54A540B5;L :>B>@>3> . . /3>48=, C<=K9 8 ?@>3@5AA82=K9 45OB5;L, @5H8B5;L=> =5 E>B5; 70=8<0BLAO MB8< 3@O7=K< 45;><. 0 ?@O<K5 2>?@>AK CG8B5;59, @>48B5;59 8 B5;52845=8O, >= >1KG=> >B25G0;, GB> 40, ?>;>2>5 ?@>A25I5=85 ?>4@>AB:>2 - >G5=L 206=>5 8 =5>1E>48<>5 45;>. > <>6=> ;8 @5H8BL MBC A;>6=CN 7040GC A ?><>ILN >4=>3> H:>;L=>3> :C@A0? >=5G=>, =5B. -B8< <K 4>;6=K 70=8<0BLAO 2A5 2<5AB5, A>>1I0.  "2A5 2<5AB5" - 7=0G8B =8:B> :>=:@5B=>. 564C ?@>G8<, A;54CO MB>9 ;>38:5, <>6=> 1K;> 1K >B<5=8BL 8 2A5 ?@>G85 H:>;L=K5 ?@54<5BK 8 4065 A0<> H:>;L=>5 >1CG5=85, A>A;02H8AL =0 B>, GB> ;CGH89, 0 2 =5:>B>@>< A<KA;5 4065 548=AB25==K9 2>A?8B0B5;L N=>H5AB20 - A0<0 687=L... >=O2, GB> >B 3>AC40@AB20 ?><>I8 =5 4>640BLAO 8 GB> A?0A5=85 CB>?0NI8E - 45;> @C: A0<8E CB>?0NI8E, 2@0G8 8 ?5403>38 =0G0;8 2 :>=F5 1980-E - =0G0;5 1990-E A>74020BL 4>1@>2>;L=K5 >1I5AB25==K5 >@30=870F88 8 D>=4K, B0: 8;8 8=0G5 A2O70==K5 A A5:AC0;L=K< ?@>A25I5=85<. @8 ?>445@6:5 8=74@020, 5BA:>3> D>=40 8 ><8B5B0 A>25BA:8E 65=I8=, 1K;0 A>740=0 0AA>F80F8O "!5<LO 8 74>@>2L5" ?>4 ?@54A540B5;LAB2>< . . 0=C9;>2>9, 2>H54H0O 2 564C=0@>4=CN D545@0F8N ?;0=8@>20=8O A5<L8 (IPPF) 8 70=8<0NI0OAO ?@58<CI5AB25==> ?@>1;5<0<8 :>=B@0F5?F88 8 @5?@>4C:B82=>3> ?>2545=8O. >A;5 @0A?040 !!! , 2 45:01@5 1991 3. 55 <5AB> 70=O;0 >AA89A:0O 0AA>F80F8O ";0=8@>20=85 A5<L8". 0B5< 2>7=8:;8 AA>F80F8O ?> 1>@L15 A> !><, 1;03>B2>@8B5;L=K9 D>=4 ""3>=5:" - =B8!" 8 AA>F80F8O ?> 1>@L15 A 701>;520=8O<8, ?5@540205<K<8 ?>;>2K< ?CB5<.  1991 3. 1K;8 A>740=K A@07C 425 A5:A>;>38G5A:85 0AA>F80F88, >4=0 - AC3C1> <548F8=A:0O, 0 4@C30O, "C;LBC@0 8 74>@>2L5", - A CG0AB85< ?A8E>;>3>2, ?5403>3>2 8 ?@0:B8:>2 A5:AC0;L=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O.  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'B> 65 ?@54AB02;O; A>1>9 2 MB>< ?;0=5 !>25BA:89 !>N7? 0@04>:A. 0304:C. =B8A5:AC0;L=KE :C;LBC@, 2 :>B>@KE =5 ?@8=OB> 3>2>@8BL > A5:AC0;L=>AB8, 2 8AB>@88 G5;>25G5AB20 =5 B0: C6 <0;>. > GB>1K 70<0;G820;8AL 8 B5< A0<K< <>;G0;82> >B@8F0;8AL A0<8 ?>;>2K5 @07;8G8O? -B> :065BAO =52>7<>6=K<, =525@>OB=K<. "5< =5 <5=55, 5A;8 AC48BL ?> =0CG=K< A;>20@O< 8 A?@02>G=8:0<, C A>25BA:8E ;N459 =5 1K;> =5 B>;L:> A5:AC0;L=>AB8, => 8 ?>;0. 0: >A25I0;8AL MB8 2>?@>AK 2 !-, O C65 3>2>@8;.  ?OB8B><=>9 "$8;>A>DA:>9 M=F8:;>?5488" > ?>;5 8 53> ?@>872>4=KE =5B =8 >4=>9 AB0BL8; 2A:>;L7L C?><8=0NBAO "?>;>2>9 >B1>@", "65=A:89 2>?@>A" 8 A@54=525:>20O "65=A:0O <8AB8:0". 5B 8E 8 2 1>;LH>< "$8;>A>DA:>< M=F8:;>?548G5A:>< A;>20@5" (1983). "5<>3@0D8G5A:89 M=F8:;>?548G5A:89 A;>20@L" (1985) A>45@68B >4=C AB0BLN ">;>20O AB@C:BC@0 B@C4>2KE @5AC@A>2".  "@0B:>< ?A8E>;>38G5A:>< A;>20@5" ?>4 @540:F859 . . 5B@>2A:>3> 8 . . /@>H52A:>3> (1985) B0:65 =5B =8 ?>;0, =8 A5:A0, =8 ?>;>2KE @07;8G89.  "8>;>38G5A:>< M=F8:;>?548G5A:>< A;>20@5" (1986) 5ABL AB0BL8 ">;", ">;>2>5 @07<=>65=85", ">;>2>5 A>7@520=85" 8 B. ?., => 2A5 >=8 =0?8A0=K B0:, 1C4B> G5;>25: =8 :0: 8=48284, =8 :0: 284 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 =8G5< =5 >B;8G05BAO >B 682>B=KE. "0:0O 65 :0@B8=0 - 2 CG51=8:0E ?A8E>;>388, :>B>@K5, :070;>AL 1K, 4>;6=K 1KBL 1;865 : @50;8O< >1K45==>9 687=8.  >4=>9 87 ;CGH8E A>25BA:8E :=83 ?> ?A8E>;>388 1960-E 33. - "8G=>ABL 8 55 D>@<8@>20=85 2 45BA:>< 2>7@0AB5" ..>6>28G (1968) - ?@>A;568205BAO D>@<8@>20=85 ;8G=>AB8 @515=:0 >B 4>H:>;L=>3> 2>7@0AB0 4> >:>=G0=8O A@54=59 H:>;K. > 45B8, > :>B>@KE 845B @5GL, =5 O2;ONBAO =8 <0;LG8:0<8, =8 452>G:0<8 8 =5 AB0=>2OBAO =8 <C6G8=0<8, =8 65=I8=0<8. -B> ?@>AB> 45B8, - <;04H85, A@54=85 8, =0:>=5F, AB0@H85 H:>;L=8:8. =8 CG0BAO, 70=8<0NBAO >1I5AB25==>9 @01>B>9, 2K@010BK20NB <8@>2>77@5=85 8 4065 A0<>A>7=0=85. > ?>;0 C =8E =5B, 8E ?>;>20O ?@8=04;56=>ABL =8 =0 GB> =5 2;8O5B 8 2 8E ?A8E8:5 =8:0: =5 >B@0605BAO.  CG51=8:5 "1I0O ?A8E>;>38O" 4;O ?5403>38G5A:8E 8=AB8BCB>2 ?>4 @540:F859 . . 5B@>2A:>3> (1977) @0AA<0B@820NBAO 2A52>7<>6=K5 ?A8E8G5A:85 A2>9AB20 8 >B=>H5=8O, => ?>;>2K5 @07;8G8O =8345, =8 2 >4=>< :>=B5:AB5 =5 C?><8=0NBAO.  CG51=>< ?>A>188 ">7@0AB=0O 8 ?5403>38G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O" (1973) ?>;>2K5 @07;8G8O 2?5@2K5 C?><8=0NBAO 2 A2O78 A "0=0B><>-D878>;>38G5A:>9 ?5@5AB@>9:>9 >@30=87<0 ?>4@>AB:0" 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?>;>2>3> A>7@520=8O; 2 MB>9 3;025 ?>O2;O5BAO 8 ?0@03@0D "A>15==>AB8 >B=>H5=89 <0;LG8:>2 8 452>G5:" (2848<>, C 4>H:>;L=8:>2 8 <;04H8E H:>;L=8:>2 MB>9 ?@>1;5<K =5 1K;>). 07C<55BAO, 1K;8 8A:;NG5=8O.  :=835 2K40NI53>AO ;5=8=3@04A:>3> ?A8E>;>30 ..=0=L520 "'5;>25: :0: ?@54<5B ?>7=0=8O" (1969) 5ABL 3;020 ">;>2>9 48<>@D87< 8 ?A8E>D878>;>38G5A:0O M2>;NF8O G5;>25:0", >4=0:> @5GL 2 =59 845B =5 AB>;L:> > ?A8E>;>388, A:>;L:> > ?A8E>D878>;>388. 5:>B>@K5 ?A8E>;>38 8 ?5403>38 >B<5G0;8 2 A2>8E B@C40E M<?8@8G5A:85 ?>2545=G5A:85 8 <>B820F8>==K5 @07;8G8O <564C <0;LG8:0<8 8 452>G:0<8. 0?@8<5@, . . 5=35@ 8 . !. 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"C6A:>9" B8? @0728B8O 1K; <=5 =5 B>;L:> ;CGH5 7=0:>< ?> ;8G=><C >?KBC, => 8 :070;AO B5>@5B8G5A:8 C=825@A0;L=K<, 548=AB25==> 2>7<>6=K<. >340 ?>4 2;8O=85< MB>9 :@8B8:8 - =8:B> 87 :>;;53 <=5 =8G53> ?>4>1=>3> =5 3>2>@8; - O AB0; @07<KH;OBL 8 G8B0BL A?5F80;L=CN ;8B5@0BC@C, B> 2A:>@5 >B:@K; 4;O A51O A>25@H5==> =>2K9 C2;5:0B5;L=K9 <8@. >; >:070;AO =5 >4=>7=0G=>9 18>;>38G5A:>9 40==>ABLN, 0 A;>6=K< 8 <=>3><5@=K< A>F80;L=K< :>=AB@C:B><, B@51CNI8< <=>3>48AF8?;8=0@=>3> ?>4E>40, 0 A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:85 @07;8G8O <564C <C6G8=0<8 8 65=I8=0<8 - 2?>;=5 @50;L=K<8, 206=K<8, => 2<5AB5 A B5< - 8AB>@8G5A:8<8.  =0G0;>AL MB> :><8G=>.  :>=F5 1980 3. .. >40;52 ?>?@>A8; <5=O ?@>G8B0BL 425 ;5:F88 ?> ?A8E>;>388 A5:AC0;L=>AB8 =0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>< D0:C;LB5B5 #, 8 O @5H8; ?5@2CN 87 =8E ?>A2OB8BL =5 70?@5B=><C A5:AC, 0 2>2A5 =570?@5B=><C, => ?>G5<C-B> 701KB><C ?>;C. !>1@0;>AL <=>3> =0@>4C. @><5 ABC45=B>2 8 0A?8@0=B>2, 2 0C48B>@88 A845;8 45AOB:0 ?>;B>@0 C20605<KE ?@>D5AA>@>2, ;5:F8O B@0=A;8@>20;0AL 2 425 A>A54=85 0C48B>@88.  =0G0; O 55 =03;K< 70O2;5=85<, GB> A>25BA:0O ?A8E>;>38O O2;O5BAO 15A?>;>9, 0 MB> 7=0G8B, GB> 55 =5;L7O AG8B0BL =8 ?A8E>;>3859 (?A8E>;>38O =5 <>65B 83=>@8@>20BL >48= 8E 206=59H8E ?0@0<5B@>2 G5;>25G5A:>3> 1KB8O), =8 =0C:>9 (=0C:0 87CG05B 459AB28B5;L=>ABL, 0 =5 ?@>AB> 83@05B A;>20<8). / 4C<0;, =0G=5BAO A:0=40;, ?@>D5AA>@0 >184OBAO (C ABC45=B>2 GC2AB2> N<>@0 >1KG=> ;CGH5). 8G53> ?>4>1=>3>. 5=O B>;L:> A?@>A8;8: @0725 =5 <>65B =0C:0 01AB@038@>20BLAO >B ?>;0? / >B25B8;, GB> >B45;L=> 27OB>5 8AA;54>20=85 8<55B ?>;=>5 ?@02> 01AB@038@>20BLAO >B G53> C3>4=> - ?>;0, 2>7@0AB0, A>F80;L=>9 A@54K, 8AB>@8G5A:>9 M?>E8, 4065 >B A0<>3> D0:B0 ACI5AB2>20=8O G5;>25G5AB20. > 5A;8 2AO 48AF8?;8=0 2A5 2@5<O "01AB@038@C5BAO" >B 206=59H8E 0A?5:B>2 87CG05<>9 5N @50;L=>AB8, B> MB> C65 =5 =0C:0, 0 83@0, 8 >?;0G820BL 55 4>;6=K A0<8 83@0NI85, 0 =5 =0;>3>?;0B5;LI8:8. 8:B> =5 A?>@8;, =0?@>B82, <5=O BCB 65 ?>?@>A8;8 A@>G=>, ?>:0 =5B 3;02=>3> @540:B>@0 (>G5=L ?@028;L=> A:070;8 - :0: B>;L:> 1K; =07=0G5= 3;02=K9 @540:B>@, O C65 =5 <>3 ?5G0B0BLAO 2 MB>< 6C@=0;5, @540:F8O 1>O;0AL A>1AB25==>9 B5=8), 40BL AB0BLN 2 >G5@54=>9 =><5@ 6C@=0;0 ">?@>AK ?A8E>;>388". !B0BLO "A8E>;>38O ?>;>2KE @07;8G89" 459AB28B5;L=> 1K;0 =0?8A0=0 8 =0?5G0B0=0 2 !2 ">?@>A>2 ?A8E>;>388" 70 1981 3.  MB>9 A:@><=>9 >17>@=>9, =5A<>B@O =0 3@><:>5 =0720=85, AB0BL5 2?5@2K5 2 !!!  1K;> @0AA:070=>, :0: AB02OBAO MB8 ?@>1;5<K =0 0?045, GB> B0:>5 ?>;>2K5 @>;8, ?>;>20O 845=B8G=>ABL, AB5@5>B8?K 8 B5ABK <0A:C;8=-=>AB8 8 D5<8=8==>AB8, ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O 0=4@>38=8O 8 B. ?. '5@57 45AOBL ;5B =5:>B>@K5 87 MB8E ?>=OB89 ?>O28;8AL 2 =>2>< A;>20@5 "A8E>;>38O" (1990). '8B0B5;L, :>=5G=>, 402=> C65 ?>=O;, GB> 02B>@ 1>;5= <0=859 25;8G8O. '5;>25:, :>B>@K9 @0AA:07K205B, GB> >= ">B:@K;" A5:AC0;L=>ABL, B5;>, 0 B5?5@L 5I5 8 ?>;, O2=> =C6405BAO 2 ?><>I8 ?A8E80B@0. > H87>D@5=8G5A:>9 1K;0 A>25BA:0O 459AB28B5;L=>ABL...  1980-E 33. @0AA5O==K5 ?A8E>;>38, =0:>=5F, ?5@5AB0;8 701K20BL, GB> ;N48 45;OBAO, ?><8<> <=>3>3> 4@C3>3>, =0 <C6G8= 8 65=I8=, <564C :>B>@K<8 5ABL :0:85-B>, =5 2A5340 ?>=OB=K5, @07;8G8O. 0G0;8AL ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O D>@<8@>20=8O ?>;>2>9 845=B8G=>AB8 8 ?>;>@>;52KE AB5@5>B8?>2 C 45B59 8 ?>4@>AB:>2 (. . 030=, ..C=8=, ". . .D5@520). !>F8>;>38 @0AH8@8;8 @0<:8 87CG5=8O B@048F8>==>9 "65=A:>9" ?@>1;5<0B8:8, 0 2 =AB8BCB5 A>F80;L=>-M:>=><8G5A:8E ?@>1;5< =0@>4>=0A5;5=8O >AA89A:>9 :045<88 0C: 2 1990 3. 4065 A>740= "&5=B@ 35=45@=KE 8AA;54>20=89", :>B>@K9 2 1994 3. 1K; 70@538AB@8@>20= :0: =57028A8<K9 >A:>2A:89 &5=B@ 35=45@=KE 8AA;54>20=89 (&), ?@8720==K9 A?>A>1AB2>20BL 22545=8N 2 =0CG=CN 8 A>F80;L=CN ?@0:B8:C >A=>2 B5=45@=>3> 2845=8O <8@0, ?@>B82>459AB2>20BL 2A5< ?@>O2;5=8O< 48A:@8<8=0F88 ?> ?@87=0:C ?>;0 2 A>F80;L=>9, M:>=><8G5A:>9, ?>;8B8G5A:>9 8 :C;LBC@=>9 687=8 >AA88; A?>A>1AB2>20BL ?@5>4>;5=8N A5:A87<0 2 3C<0=8B0@=KE =0C:0E, 2 >1I5AB25==>< <=5=88 8 2 A>F80;L=>9 ?>;8B8:5, GB> >A>15==> =5>1E>48<> A59G0A, :>340 AB0=>28BAO 2A5 1>;55 O2=>9 B5=45=F8O @0AA<0B@820BL 65=I8=C G5@57 ?@87<C B@048F8>==KE AB5@5>B8?>2; 2=>A8BL A2>9 2:;04 2 A>740=85 2 >AA88 3@0640=A:>3> 45<>:@0B8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20, CG0AB2CO 2 AB0=>2;5=88 =57028A8<>3> 65=A:>3> 42865=8O 8 >BAB0820O =5>1E>48<>ABL @50;L=>3> 8 ?>;=>F5==>3> CG0AB8O 65=I8= 2 ?@>F5AA5 ?@8=OB8O ?>;8B8G5A:8E @5H5=89. ><8<> =0CG=KE 8AA;54>20=89, & O2;O5BAO A2>53> @>40 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K< F5=B@>< =>2>3> @>AA89A:>3> D5<8=87<0. 0 >4=>< 87 53> A5<8=0@>2 2 1990 3. 1K;0 >A=>20=0 65=A:0O AA>F80F8O "5" ("57028A8<0O 65=A:0O 45<>:@0B8G5A:0O 8=8F80B820"), ?>4 45287>< "5<>:@0B8O <8=CA 65=I8=0 - =5 45<>:@0B8O".  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">;L:> 19 ?@>F5=B>2 <C6G8= 8 33 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8= AG8B0NB 53> =54>?CAB8<K<, 43 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 33 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8= A MB8< =5 A>3;0A=K.  <;04H59 2>7@0AB=>9 3@C??5 A>>B=>H5=85 "70" 8 "?@>B82* 2K3;O48B :0: 56:15, 0 A@548 ;8F A 2KAH8< >1@07>20=85< - :0: 44:15. ?@>A 1994 3>40 40; 1>;55 :>=A5@20B82=K5 F8D@K: 4>1@0G=K5 A2O78 :0B53>@8G5A:8 >AC48;8 34 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 49 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8=, >4=0:> ?>;>2K5 8 2>7@0AB=K5 @07;8G8O ?@8<5@=> B5 65. !@548 ;N459 AB0@H5 55 ;5B 4>1@0G=K5 A2O78 ?@87=0;8 2A5340 =5?@028;L=K<8 63 ?@>F5=B0, 0 A@548 B5E, :B> <;04H5 25 ;5B, ;8HL 18 ?@>F5=B>2 @><5 B>3>, 206=> 8<5BL 2 284C, GB> 2 MB>< >?@>A5 @5GL H;0 =5 2>>1I5 > 4>1@0G=KE A2O7OE, 0 > ?>;>2KE A2O7OE ?>4@>AB:>2, ?@8G5< 157 CB>G=5=8O 8E 2>7@0AB0.  >B=>H5=88 @>AA8O= : 4>1@0G=K< A2O7O< A>E@0=O5BAO 42>9=>9 AB0=40@B: <C6G8=K 2>>1I5 B5@?8<55 65=I8= 8 >10 ?>;0 B5@?8<55 : <C6G8=0<, G5< : 65=I8=0<. 0 2>?@>A, 4>?CAB8<K ;8 4>1@0G=K5 A5:AC0;L=K5 >B=>H5=8O 4;O N=>H59, 2 19933. >B@8F0B5;L=> >B25B8;8 12 ?@>F5=B>2 <C6G8= 8 22 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=; G5B25@BL <C6G8= 8 13 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8= C25@5=K, GB> MB> "=5 B>;L:> 4>?CAB8<>, => ?>;57=>, =5>1E>48<>"; 2 <;04H59 2>7@0AB=>9 3@C??5 B0: AG8B0NB A2KH5 30 ?@>F5=B>2. 0 B>B 65 2>?@>A >B=>A8B5;L=> 452CH5: @50:F8O 4@C30O: 19 ?@>F5=B>2 <C6G8= 8 30 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8= "?@>B82" 8 B>;L:> 11 8 6 ?@>F5=B>2 - "70". 065 1>;55 <>;>4K5 8 >1@07>20==K5 ;N48 ?>445@6820NB 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 42>9=>9 AB0=40@B. 0: ?>4<5B8;0 :A0=0 >G0@>20, 2 >B25B0E ;N459 4065 =0 A0<K5 >1I85 2>?@>AK 0=:5BK ?@>A;568205BAO 8E A>1AB25==0O 687=5==0O ?5@A?5:B820. ">;>4K5 8 E>;>ABK5 <C6G8=K - B5, :B> AB>;L 0:B82=> 8A?>254C5B 4>1@0G=CN A5:AC0;L=CN A2>1>4C - =5 @0A?@>AB@0=ONB A2>8 273O4K =0 ?@5:@0A=CN ?>;>28=C G5;>25G5AB20. ;O =8E >G5284=0 2 =540;5:>< 1C4CI5< ?5@A?5:B820 ?5@5E>40 >B @>;8 "A5:AC0;L=>3> 35@>O" : ";N1OI5<C <C6C". @8 >B25B5 =0 2>?@>A > 4>1@0G=>< ?>2545=88 65=I8= 2=CB@5==8< 04@5A0B>< AB0=>28BAO 1C4CI0O 65=0 8 =5?@5<5==K< 0B@81CB>< 55 >1@070 AB0=>28BAO 25@=>ABL 1C4CI5<C <C6C". !@02=8B5;L=>5 8AA;54>20=85 A5:AC0;L=>9 ?5@<8A-A82=>AB8 8 42>9=>3> AB0=40@B0 C 0<5@8:0=A:8E, @>AA89A:8E 8 O?>=A:8E ABC45=B>2 ?>:070;>, GB> 2 F5;>< 0<5@8:0=A:85 ABC45=BK >B=>AOBAO : 4>1@0G=><C A5:AC B5@?8<55 @>AA89A:8E 8 O?>=A:8E, ?@8G5< 2 !( 8 2 >AA88 (=> =5 2 /?>=88) <C6G8=K 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 B5@?8<55 65=I8=. >;>4K5 @>AA8O=5 A8;L=55 A2>8E 0<5@8:0=A:8E 8 O?>=A:8E A25@AB=8:>2 ?@845@6820NBAO 2 MB>< 2>?@>A5 42>9=>3> AB0=40@B0. 4=0:> @>AA89A:85 ABC45=BK 7=0G8B5;L=> >?5@548;8 8 0<5@8:0=F52 8 O?>=F52 ?> AB5?5=8 A2>59 3>B>2=>AB8 2ABC?8BL 2 A5:AC0;L=CN A2O7L =0 ?5@2>< 65 A2840=88. =K<8 A;>20<8, 0<5@8:0=FK 8 O?>=FK 4>?CA:0NB 4;O A51O 2>7<>6=>ABL A5:AC0;L=>3> A1;865=8O =0 1>;55 ?>74=8E AB048OE CE06820=8O 8 7=0:><AB20, B>340 :0: <=>385 <>;>4K5 @>AA8O=5 3>B>2K ;5GL 2 ?>AB5;L GCBL ;8 =5 A ?5@2K< 2AB@5G=K<. 0: <K C2848< 40;LH5, B0:0O CAB0=>2:0 ?@>O2;O5BAO 8 C ?>4@>AB:>2. 0:>2K 1K =8 1K;8 ?C1;8G=> 2KA:07K205<K5 <=5=8O, 4>1@0G=K5 A2O78 2 >AA88 <0AA>2K.  ?>402;ONI5< 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052 1@0G=K9 A>N7 402=> C65 =5 ?@54H5AB2C5B A5:AC0;L=>9 1;87>AB8, 0 70:@5?;O5B 55. >340 3>AB8 =0 A204L15 :@8G0B ">@L:>!", =8:B> =5 645B >B =8E A<CI5=8O 8 =5 =0455BAO =01;N40BL =5GB> 8=B8<=>5. 0 2>?@>A & "<5;8 ;8 K 4>1@0G=K5 >B=>H5=8O A AC?@C3>9 (AC?@C3><)?" CB25@48B5;L=> >B25B8;8 52 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 42 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=, ?@8G5< A@548 ;N459 <>;>65 25 ;5B MB>B >?KB 8<5;8 77 ?@>F5=B>2 A>AB>OI8E 2 1@0:5, 0 2 3@C??5 AB0@H5 55 ;5B - 28 ?@>F5=B>2. 5 B>;L:> A5:AC0;L=0O 1;87>ABL, => 4065 15@5<5==>ABL 2A5 G0I5 ?@54H5AB2C5B 1@0:C, 8=>340 CA:>@OO 53> 70:;NG5=85. !B018;L=K9 @>AB G8A;0 8 C45;L=>3> 25A0 4>1@0G=KE 70G0B89 - 4>;3>A@>G=0O B5=45=F8O. @>0=0;878@>202 0@E82K 5=8=3@04A:>3> 42>@F0 @538AB@0F88 =>2>@>645==KE "0;NB:0", >;>4 =0H5;, GB> 87 239 AC?@C65A:8E ?0@, 70@538AB@8@>202H8E @>645=85 ?5@25=F0 2 45:01@5 1963 3., 69 (24 ?@>F5=B0) 70G0;8 53> 70 B@8 <5AOF0 4> N@848G5A:>3> >D>@<;5=8O 1@0:0; 2 45:01@5 1968 3. 87 852 ?0@ B0:8E 1K;> 196 (23 ?@>F5=B0), 2 45:01@5 1973 3. 87 851 ?0@K - 240 (28 ?@>F5=B>2), 2 45:01@5 1978 3. 87 643 ?0@ - 243 (38 ?@>F5=B>2), 2 45:01@5 1984 3. 87 448 ?0@ - 223 (49 ?@>F5=B>2). !E>4=K5 @57C;LB0BK 40;> 87CG5=85 @538AB@0F8>==KE 0:B>2 >4=>3> 87 @09>=>2 5=8=3@040. > 40==K< =0F8>=0;L=>9 ?OB8?@>F5=B=>9 <8:@>?5@5?8A8 1995 3., >B 40BK @538AB@0F88 1@0:0 4> @>645=8O ?5@2>3> @515=:0 2 >AA88 2 A@54=5< ?@>E>48B 6 <5AOF52. 5A<>B@O =0 ?>AB5?5==>5 2K@02=820=85 >B=>H5=89, 4>1@0G=K9 A5:A 8<55B @07=>5 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 8 A>F80;L=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O <C6G8= 8 65=I8=. > 40==K< >A52>9, ?5@2K< A5:AC0;L=K< ?0@B=5@>< :064>9 2B>@>9 65=I8=K 1K; 55 1C4CI89 AC?@C3, => ;8HL :064K9 H5AB>9 <C6G8=0 65=8;AO =0 A2>59 ?5@2>9 65=I8=5. 064K9 45AOBK9 <C6G8=0 2 MB>9 2K1>@:5 8<5; 10 8 1>;LH5 4>1@0G=KE ?0@B=5@H, C 65=I8= G8A;> ?0@B=5@>2 3>@074> <5=LH5. >GB8 C B@5B8 >?@>H5==KE >A52>9 <C6G8= ?5@20O A2O7L 1K;0 >4=>@07>2>9 8;8 ?@>4>;60;0AL 2A53> =5A:>;L:> 4=59. # 65=I8= B0: 1K20;> @54:> (4,5 ?@>F5=B0), B@8 G5B25@B8 ?@>4>;60;8 A2>N ?5@2CN A2O7L 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 4;8B5;L=>5 2@5<O. > 40==K< =5A:>;L:8E >?@>A>2 >;>40, ?5@2>9 A5:AC0;L=>9 ?0@B=5@H59 <C6G8=-ABC45=B>2 G0I5 2A53> 1K20;0 1;87:0O ?> 2>7@0ABC 8 A>F80;L=><C AB0BCAC ?>4@C30 (A2KH5 50 ?@>F5=B>2) 8;8 65=I8=0 7=0G8B5;L=> AB0@H5 (>:>;> 30 ?@>F5=B>2), 0 C 452CH5:-ABC45=B>: - 4@C3 (30-40 ?@>F5=B>2) 8;8 65=8E (>:>;> 30 ?@>F5=B>2). '5< AB0@H5 452CH:0 2 <><5=B A2>59 A5:AC0;L=>9 8=8F80F88, B5< 25@>OB=55, GB> 55 ?5@2K< ?0@B=5@>< AB0=5B 65=8E 8;8 1C4CI89 AC?@C3. !@548 >?@>H5==KE 2 1989 3. 65=I8=, 8<5NI8E 2KAH55 >1@07>20=85 8 =0G02H8E ?>;>2CN 687=L <564C 16 8 18 3>40<8, 65=8E8 8 <C6LO 1K;8 ?5@2K<8 A5:AC0;L=K<8 ?0@B=5@0<8 C 28 ?@>F5=B>2, A@548 B5E, GB> =0G0; 2 19-21 3>4, - C 66 ?@>F5=B>2, 0 A@548 A45;02H8E MB> <564C 22 8 24 3>40<8 - C 76 ?@>F5=B>2. # <>;>4KE <C6G8= MB0 B5=45=F8O 2K@065=0 7=0G8B5;L=> A;0155: C N=>H59, ?@>H54H8E A5:AC0;L=CN 8=8F80F8N 2 16-18 ;5B, 4>;O =525AB 8 65= A>AB028;0 4 ?@>F5=B0, C B5E, :B> =0G0; 2 19-21 3>4, - 23 ?@>F5=B0, 2 22-24 3>40 - 47 ?@>F5=B>2. ?@>G5<, MB> 7028A8B :0: >B A>F80;L=>9 A@54K, B0: 8 >B 8=48284C0;L=KE >A>15==>AB59 <>;>4KE ;N459: =0A:>;L:> A5@L57=> >=/>=0 >B=>A8BAO : 8=B8<=K< >B=>H5=8O<, :0:>2K 53>/55 A5:AC0;L=0O :>=AB8BCF8O, =02K:8 >1I5=8O 8 <=>3>5 4@C3>5. >7@0AB A5:AC0;L=>9 8=8F80F88 - =5 2A5340 @57C;LB0B A2>1>4=>3> 2K1>@0. !@54=89 C@>25=L A5:AC0;L=>9 0:B82=>AB8 @>AA8O=, :0: 8 >AB0;L=KE ;N459, 7028A8B >B ?>;0, 2>7@0AB0 8 <=>38E 4@C38E CA;>289. > 40==K< 2A5@>AA89A:>3> >?@>A0 1993 3. (5I5 @07 =0?><8=0N - A2KH5 40 ?@>F5=B>2 =5 >B25B8;8 =0 MB>B 2>?@>A), =8 >4=>3> A5:AC0;L=>3> ?0@B=5@0 2 B5G5=85 687=8 =5 8<5;8 3 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 4 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=, >4=>3> ?0@B=5@0 - A>>B25BAB25==> 14 8 30 ?@>F5=B>2, >B 42CE 4> ?OB8 - 36 8 18 ?@>F5=B>2, >B H5AB8 4> 45AOB8 - 7 8 1 ?@>F5=B, A2KH5 45AOB8 ?0@B=5@>2 - 12 8 2 ?@>F5=B0. > 2@5<O ?@>2545=8O >?@>A0, =5 8<5;8 A5:AC0;L=KE >B=>H5=89 9 ?@>F5=B>2 <C6G8= 8 10 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8=; 5654=52=> 8<5;8 A=>H5=8O A>>B25BAB25==> 5 8 3 ?@>F5=B0, =5A:>;L:> @07 2 =545;N - 21 8 17 ?@>F5=B>2, =5A:>;L:> @07 2 <5AOF - 19 8 14 ?@>F5=B>2, >48= @07 2 <5AOF 8 @565 - 6 8 3 ?@>F5=B0. !0<0O A5:AC0;L=>-0:B82=0O 3@C??0 - >B 25 4> 40 ;5B.  2K1>@:5 >A52>9, A@54=89 <C6G8=0 2 B5G5=85 687=8 8<5; 12,3, 0 65=I8=0 - 4,1 A5:AC0;L=>3> ?0@B=5@0. > 40==K< B5;5D>==>3> >?@>A0 .. A0520 2 5B5@1C@35 >A5=LN 1993 3., 87 155 >?@>H5==KE <C6G8= (=0 2>?@>AK > A2>59 A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8 >B25B8;8 96 ?@>F5=B>2), 425 B@5B8 8<5;8 2 B5G5=85 687=8 <5=LH5 10 ?0@B=5@H, 70B> 11 ?@>F5=B>2 - A2KH5 50.  ?>A;54=89 3>4 ?5@54 >?@>A>< =5 8<5;8 A5:AC0;L=KE ?0@B=5@H 9,4 ?@>F5=B0, >4=C-42CE - 74,4 ?@>F5=B0, >B B@5E 4> ?OB8 - 7,7 ?@>F5=B0 8 A2KH5 ?OB8 - 8,6 ?@>F5=B0 (87 =8E 3,5 ?@>F5=B0 - A2KH5 50). # 280 65=I8= (8=B8<=K5 2>?@>AK ?@87=0;8 ?@85<;5<K<8 81 ?@>F5=B) AB0B8AB8:0 1>;55 C<5@5==0O: A2KH5 51 ?@>F5=B0 8<5;8 2 B5G5=85 687=8 >4=>3>-42CE ?0@B=5@>2, 85 ?@>F5=B>2 - <5=LH5 45AOB8, 6 ?@>F5=B>2 - A2KH5 20 8 3,7 ?@>F5=B0 - 1>;LH5 ?OB845AOB8 ?0@B=5@>2.  ?>A;54=89 3>4 =5 8<5;8 A5:AC0;L=KE ?0@B=5@>2 9,1 ?@>F5=B0, >4=>3>-42CE - 79,4 ?@>F5=B0, B@>8E ?OB5@KE - 8,2 8 1>;LH5 ?OB5@KE - 3,3 ?@>F5=B0. >402;ONI55 1>;LH8=AB2> @5A?>=45=B>2 A0520 - ;N48 A 2KAH8< 8;8 A@54=8< >1@07>20=85<, 2 1@0:5 A>AB>OB 67 ?@>F5=B>2, =0 <><5=B >?@>A0 ?>AB>O==CN ?0@B=5@HC 8;8 ?0@B=5@0 8<5;8 79 ?@>F5=B>2 <C6G8= 8 86,5 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=. 5A<>B@O =0 >A;01;5=85 1@0G=>-A5<59=KE C7 2 ?>A;54=85 45AOB8;5B8O, >=8 8<5NB 4;O ;N459 >3@><=CN F5==>ABL.  >?@>A5 & 1992 3. @5A?>=45=B0< 1K; ?@54;>65= H8@>:89 2K1>@ AC645=89 > B><, GB> AG8B0BL A0<K< 206=K< 2 687=8. 58 ?@>F5=B>2 @>AA8O= 2K1@0;8 2KA:07K20=85 ";O <5=O =5B =8G53> 1>;55 206=>3>, G5< A5<LO". %>BO 1>;LH8=AB2> >?@>H5==KE AG8B0NB, GB> 70 ?>A;54=85 ?OBL ;5B A5<59=K5 >B=>H5=8O 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A5<59 CEC4H8;8AL, C4>2;5B2>@5==>ABL A>1AB25==>9 A5<59=>9 687=LN A@02=8B5;L=> 2KA>:0O. 0 2>?@>A "!G0AB;82K ;8 2K 8;8 =5B 2 A5<59=>9 687=8?" >B25B8;8 "A:>@55, 40" 56 ?@>F5=B>2 <C6G8= 8 42 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=, "A:>@55, =5B* - 14 8 24, 70B@C4=8;8AL >B25B>< 29 8 33 ?@>F5=B0. 06=CN @>;L 2 A5<59=>< 1;03>?>;CG88 83@05B, @07C<55BAO, 8 A5:A. > 40==K< >?@>A>2 >;>40 2 1978 8 1981 33. (1K;> >1A;54>20=> ?> 200 AC?@C65A:8E ?0@), A5:AC0;L=0O 30@<>=8O =587<5==> 70=8<05B B@5BL5 <5AB> 2 @O4C D0:B>@>2 AC?@C65A:>9 040?B0F88, ?>A;5 4CE>2=>9 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 A>2<5AB8<>AB8 (;N1>2L, 2708<=>5 C2065=85, >1I85 8=B5@5AK) C AC?@C3>2, A>AB>OI8E 2 1@0:5 4> 10 ;5B, 8 ?>A;5 4CE>2=>9 8 1KB>2>9 (A?@0254;82>5 @0A?@545;5=85 4><0H=8E >1O70==>AB59) A>2<5AB8<>AB8 - CB5E, :B> 6825B A>2<5AB=> >B 10 4> 15 ;5B. !5:AC0;L=0O C4>2;5B2>@5==>ABL 8 >1I0O C4>2;5B2>@5==>ABL 1@0:>< 2708<>?5@5?;5B0NBAO. !@548 ?0@, <0:A8<0;L=> C4>2;5B2>@5==KE 1@0:><, A5:AC0;L=> A>2<5AB8<K<8 AG8B0NB A51O ?@0:B8G5A:8 2A5, 0 A@548 =5C4>2;5B2>@5==KE - B>;L:> 63 ?@>F5=B0. ?@>AK 1988/89 33. ?>4B25@48;8 MBC B5=45=F8N. 4=0:> 2 MB>9 >1;0AB8 8<55BAO <=>3> 1>;52KE B>G5:, >1CA;>2;5==KE, 2 G0AB=>AB8, =87:>9 M@>B8G5A:>9 :C;LBC@>9. !5:AC0;L=>ABL >B=>A8B5;L=> 02B>=><=0 >B 4@C38E 0A?5:B>2 1@0:0. > 40==K< >;>40, 4065 2 A0<KE 1;03>?>;CG=KE 1@0:0E :0640O 45AOB0O 65=0 AG8B05B A51O A5:AC0;L=> =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>9. <5AB5 A B5< 30 ?@>F5=B>2 65=, :>B>@K5 2 F5;>< A2>8< 1@0:>< =5 C4>2;5B2>@5=K, : 53> A5:AC0;L=>9 AB>@>=5 ?@5B5=789 =5 8<5NB. !5:A>;>38G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O ?>:07K20NB, GB> <=>385 AC?@C38 ?;>E> 7=0NB > AB5?5=8 A5:AC0;L=>9 C4>2;5B2>@5==>AB8 A2>8E ?0@B=5@>2 8 G0AB> 4065 =5 ?KB0NBAO 8E ?>=OBL. 0AA>3;0A>20==>ABL A5:AC0;L=>-M@>B8G5A:8E 65;0=89 8 ?>B@51=>AB59 AC?@C3>2, :>B>@0O =>@<0;L=> 4>;6=0 1KBL ?@54<5B>< 2KOA=5=8O 8 ?5@53>2>@>2, G0AB> @0AA<0B@8205BAO A0<8<8 AC?@C30<8 8 8E >:@C65=85< :0: ?@>O2;5=85 =5CAB@0=8<>9 >@30=8G5A:>9 "A5:AC0;L=>9 =5A>2<5AB8<>AB8", 548=AB25==K< 2KE>4>< 87 :>B>@>9 <>65B 1KBL @072>4. >=>B>==>ABL 8 >4=>>1@0785 A5:AC0;L=>9 B5E=8:8 >B<5B8;0 :0640O B@5BLO 87 >?@>H5==KE >A52>9 ?0@B=5@A:8E ?0@. 54 ?@>F5=B0 AC?@C65A:8E ?0@ ?@0:B8G5A:8 8A?>;L7CNB B>;L:> 2-3 ?>78F88, ;8HL 16 ?@>F5=B>2 459AB28B5;L=> @07=>>1@07OB A2>9 A5:AC0;L=K9 @5?5@BC0@. 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"8<5BL, ?><8<> <C60 (65=K), ;N1>2=8:0 (;N1>2=8FC)" A>G;8 =>@<0;L=K<, 4>?CAB8<K< B>;L:> 23 ?@>F5=B0, 0 =5=>@<0;L=K<, =54>?CAB8<K< - 50 ?@>F5=B>2 @>AA8O=.  4@C38E 1K2H8E A>25BA:8E @5A?C1;8:0E 4>;O ?>;>68B5;L=KE >B25B>2 =0 MB>B 2>?@>A :>;51;5BAO >B 45 ?@>F5=B>2 C C715:>2 4> 14 ?@>F5=B>2 C B0468:>2. !=>20 1@>A0NBAO 2 3;070 ?>;>2K5 @07;8G8O.  A;02O=A:>< @538>=5 =0;8G85 ;N1>2=8:0 8;8 ;N1>2=8FK >?@024K20NB 32 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 B>;L:> 18 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8=. >7@0AB=>9 ?8: B5@?8<>AB8 : 2=51@0G=K< A2O7O< 2 A;02O=A:>< @538>=5 ?@54AB02;ONB ;N48 >B 24 4> 40 ;5B, 2 0;B88 - 20-24-;5B=85, 0 2 !@54=59 788, =0>1>@>B, 40-54-;5B=85.  @>AA89A:>< >?@>A5 & 1993 3., ";N459, :>B>@K5 G0AB> <5=ONB A2>8E A5:AC0;L=KE ?0@B=5@>2", >AC48;8 42 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 57 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8=; =59B@0;L=CN ?>78F8N 70=O;8 A>>B25BAB25==> ;8HL 15 8 9 ?@>F5=B>2. >, :0: 2A5340, A:07K205BAO 42>9=>9 AB0=40@B: =525@=>ABL <C60 AB@>3> >AC640NB 43 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 59 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8=, 0 >?@024K20NB A>>B25BAB25==> 15 8 7 ?@>F5=B>2.  65=5 B@51>20=8O AB@>65: 55 87<5=C >AC640NB 62 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 60 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8=, 0 4>?CA:0NB B>;L:> ?> 8 ?@>F5=B>2 B5E 8 4@C38E. 4=0:> <564C <>@0;L=K<8 CAB0=>2:0<8 8 @50;L=K< ?>2545=85< ACI5AB2C5B 1>;LH>9 @07@K2. 0;8G85 2=51@0G=KE A2O759 ?@87=0;8 55,5 ?@>F5=B>2 >?@>H5==KE . . >A52>9 <C6G8= 8 25,5 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=. @8 MB>< <C6LO =0G0;8 87<5=OBL 65=0< C65 2 ?5@2K5 B@8 3>40 AC?@C65AB20, 0 65=K - =0 4-5 3>4C. > :>;8G5AB2C 2=51@0G=KE A2O759 =525@=K5 <C6LO 45;OBAO =0 B@8 ?@8<5@=> @02=K5 3@C??K, 87 :>B>@KE ?5@20O 8<55B 1-2, 2B>@0O - >B 3 4> 5 8 B@5BLO - H5AB5@KE 8 1>;LH5 2=51@0G=KE ?0@B=5@>2. 525@=K5 65=K 1>;55 C<5@5==K: G5BK@5 ?OBKE 87 =8E 8<5NB >4=>3>-42CE 8 B>;L:> 8 ?@>F5=B>2 - >B B@5E 4> ?OB8 ;N1>2=8:>2. 564C ?@>G8<, A5:AC0;L=0O B5E=8:0 8 AB5?5=L ?>;CG05<>3> >B 2=51@0G=KE A2O759 C4>2;5B2>@5=8O, <0;> >B;8G0NBAO >B B>3>, GB> ;N48 8<5NB 2 1@0:5; 04N;LB5@ ;CGH5 2 <5GB0E, G5< 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. !@548 >?@>H5==KE "0BLO=>9 C@:> 2 1989 3. 233 <>;>4KE <>A:>2A:8E AC?@C65A:8E ?0@, =0;8G85 2=51@0G=KE A2O759 C A51O ?@87=0;8 31 ?@>F5=B <C659 8 18 ?@>F5=B>2 65=; D0:BK AC?@C65A:>9 =525@=>AB8 A2>8E 65= >B<5B8;8 11 ?@>F5=B>2 <C6G8=, 0 <C6A:>9 =525@=>AB8 - 16 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8=. !@02=82 425 AE>4=K5 2K1>@:8 <>;>4KE A?5F80;8AB>2, ?> 250 G5;>25: 2 :064>9, A 8=B5@20;>< 2 20 ;5B (1969 8 1989), >;>4 =0H5; @>AB =5 B>;L:> B5@?8<>AB8 : 2=51@0G=K< A2O7O<, => 8 C25;8G5=8O :>;8G5AB20 B0:8E A2O759, >A>15==> C 65=I8=.  1989 3. 36 ?@>F5=B>2 >?@>H5==KE 65=I8= 2KA:070;8 : 2=51@0G=K< A2O7O< B5@?8<>5 >B=>H5=85, 33 ?@>F5=B0 - =59B@0;L=>5 8 31 ?@>F5=B - >B@8F0B5;L=>5. @8<5@=> B> 65 1K;> 8 2 19693. 0B> 4>;O 65=I8=, ?@87=02H8E, GB> >=8 A0<8 8<5;8 B0:85 A2O78, 2K@>A;0 A >4=>9 B@5B8 2 1969 4> ?>;>28=K 2 1989 3>4C. "0 65 B5=45=F8O - A@548 <C6G8=: 2 19693. <5=LH5 ?>;>28=K 65=0BKE <C6G8= ?@87=0;8 =0;8G85 2=51@0G=KE A2O759, 0 2 19893. - A2KH5 B@5E G5B25@B59. ?@>G5<, MB> <>65B >1JOA=OBLAO =5 B>;L:> A42830<8 2 @50;L=>< ?>2545=88, B> 8 B5<, GB> ;N48 AB0;8 >B:@>25==55. %>BO =0;8G85 2=51@0G=KE A2O759 : :0:>9-B> <5@5 7028A8B >B >1I59 C4>2;5B2>@5==>AB8 1@0:><, >=> =5 >1O70B5;L=> 2KB5:05B 87 A5:AC0;L=>9 =5C4>2;5B2>@5==>AB8. > 40==K< . . >A52>9 8 55 :>;;53, 49 ?@>F5=B>2 <C659 8 21 ?@>F5=B 65=, 1@0:8 :>B>@KE, ?> 8E A0<>>F5=:5, 1K;8 2?>;=5 C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=K, B5< =5 <5=55 8<5;8 2=51@0G=K5 A2O78.  B>< 65 3>2>@OB 8 40==K5 >;>40: 4065 2 A0<KE 1;03>?>;CG=KE 1@0:0E G5B25@BL 65= 8<5;8 2=51@0G=K5 A2O78, 2 =5C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=KE 65 1@0:0E 8E 4>;O ?>2KH05BAO 4> 42CE B@5B59. =>385 @>AA8O=5 AB0@H8E ?>:>;5=89 AG8B0NB ;N1K5 D>@<K A5:AC0;L=>9 1;87>AB8, :@><5 ?>;>2>3> 0:B0, A5:AC0;L=K<8 872@0I5=8O<8 8 =5 A<5NB ?@87=0BLAO, GB> A0<8 ?>;L7CNBAO 8<8. ">;L:> 8 ?@>F5=B>2 >?@>H5==KE >A52>9 <>A:28G59 8 <>A:28G5: ?@87=0;8AL, GB> 70=8<0;8AL >@0;L=K< 8 4,4 ?@>F5=B0 - 0=0;L=K< A5:A><. ?@>H5==K5 A052K< 2 19933. ?5B5@1C@6FK 1K;8 >B:@>25==55: 44 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 43 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8= A:070;8, GB> G0AB> 70=8<0NBAO >@0;L=K< A5:A><; 0=0;L=K5 A=>H5=8O G0AB> 8<5;8 14 ?@>F5=B>2 <C6G8= 8 11 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8=, 0 @54:> - A>>B25BAB25==> 6 8 4 ?@>F5=B0. >;>4K5 8 >1@07>20==K5 "=>2K5 @CAA:85" 1>;55 A5:AC0;L=> @0A:>20==K 8 A:;>==K : M:?5@8<5=B0<. 0?@8<5@, 41 ?@>F5=B <C6G8=, >B25B82H8E =0 0=:5BC @>AA89A:>3> 8740=8O "Playboy", AG8B0NB A2>59 ;N18<>9 D>@<>9 ?>;CG5=8O >@307<0 >@0;L=K9 A5:A (>= CABC?05B B>;L:> ?>;>2><C 0:BC) 8 12 ?@>F5=B>2 - 0=0;L=K9 A5:A (MB>B >?KB 8<5;8 48 ?@>F5=B>2 >?@>H5==KE), 49 ?@>F5=B>2 ?@54?>G8B0NB 2> 2@5<O ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 ?>78F8N "65=I8=0 A25@EC", 97% A<>B@5;8 ?>@=>3@0D8G5A:85 D8;L<K, :064K9 ?OBK9 8<5; >B 11 4> 25 8 5I5 4204F0BL ?@>F5=B>2 - A2KH5 25 A5:AC0;L=KE ?0@B=5@>2, 8 B. 4. ?@>G5<, MB0 3@C??0 4>AB0B>G=> <0@38=0;L=0, 0 A0< >?@>A - =5?@575=B0B825=. >6=> ;8 AG8B0BL, GB> A5:AC0;L=>5 ?>2545=85 8 CAB0=>2:8 @>AA8O= @048:0;L=> 87<5=8;8AL 70 ?>A;54=85 5-7 ;5B? > <=5=8N ;L38 >G0@>2>9, >?8@0NI59AO =0 0=0;87 40==KE &, "...H03 2 AB>@>=C A5:AC0;L=>9 ?5@<8AA82=>AB8 1K; A45;0= =5 A59G0A, 0 2 70-E, =5 =K=5H=59 <>;>456LN, :>B>@0O "?>4E20B8;0 MAB0D5BC", 0 ?@54K4CI8< ?>:>;5=85<.- ">A;5>BB5?5;L=>5 ?>:>;5=85" @07@CH8;> AB0@CN =>@<0B82=CN AB@C:BC@C 8 >B45;8;> A5:A >B A5<L8. >6=> =0720BL MB>B F5==>AB=K9 A4283 "10@E0B=>9 A5:AC0;L=>9 @52>;NF859", ?>GB8 =570<5B=> 4;O A>2@5<5==8:>2 ?>4B>G82H59 >4=C 87 >?>@ A>F80;L=>3> ?>@O4:0" K=5H=55 ?>:>;5=85 ;8HL ?@>4>;68;> MBC B5=45=F8N 2 3>@074> 1>;55 O2=>9, >B:@KB>9 D>@<5. ""5< =5 <5=55, 70 8A:;NG5=85< 2KA>:>-AB0BCA=KE <>45@=KE 3@C??, 4;O 1>;LH8=AB20 ?@>4>;60NB 459AB2>20BL 4>AB0B>G=> 65AB:85, ?0B@80@E0;L=> >@85=B8@>20==K5 AE5<K". -B>B 2K2>4 :065BAO <=5 A;8H:>< :0B53>@8G=K<. %>BO 4;O A@02=5=8O A5:AC0;L=>3> ?>2545=8O 8 CAB0=>2>: ?>:>;5=89 1950, I960 8 1970-E 3>4>2 C =0A =5B 4>AB0B>G=> <0AA>2KE >1J5:B82=KE 40==KE, >1I85 B5=45=F88 @0728B8O A><=5=89 =5 2K7K20NB.  1990-E 3>40E MB8 A42838 =5 B>;L:> AB0;8 1>;55 O2=K<8, => 8, AC4O ?> ?>2545=8N <>;>4568 8 ?>4@>AB:>2, 0 MB> A0<0O 206=0O 8 A5:AC0;L=> 0:B82=0O G0ABL =0A5;5=8O, - 70<5B=> CA:>@8;8AL, ?@81;8782H8AL : 70?04=>52@>?59A:8< 8 0<5@8:0=A:8< ?>:070B5;O<.  ?>A:>;L:C A5:AC0;L=>-M@>B8G5A:0O :C;LBC@0 =0A5;5=8O >AB0;0AL :@09=5 =87:>9, MB> >1>AB@O5B AB0@K5 8 ?>@>6405B =>2K5 A>F80;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K (=565;0B5;L=K5 15@5<5==>AB8 8 01>@BK, @>AB A5:AC0;L=>3> =0A8;8O, ?@>AB8BCF88 8 1>;57=59, @0A?@>AB@0=ONI8EAO ?>;>2K< ?CB5<).  @>AA89A:8E A@54AB20E <0AA>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 A59G0A 84CB ?@0:B8G5A:8 B5 65 A0<K5 A?>@K, GB> 8 2 1920-E 8 1900-E 3>40E, A?;>HL 8 @O4>< - 2 B5E 65 A0<KE D>@<C;8@>2:0E 8, C2K, =0 B>< 65 A0<><, 40;5:>< >B A>2@5<5==>AB8, 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>< C@>2=5. >4@>AB:8: 7>=0 ?>2KH5==>3> @8A:0 5A<>B@O =0 A2>N =5C<KB>ABL 8 =5?@8G5A0==>ABL, 20=L:8 ?@5?@>7>@;82K9 =0@>4.  B><C 65 >=8 ?CAB8;8AL =K=G5 2 :0:85-B> ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 B>=:>AB8: @0718@0NB A515 =0 4>AC35 =5 B>;L:> 459AB28O, => 8 ?>2>4K, => 8 ?>1C48B5;L=K5 ?@8G8=K : =8<. @8 B0:>< =0AB@>5=88, GB> <>6=> >6840BL >B =8E E>@>H53>? !0;BK:>2-)54@8= "!>A54:0 ?> ;5AB=8G=>9 ?;>I04:5 @8=0 02;>2=0, =5402=OO 2K?CA:=8F0 ?548=AB8BCB0, ?@5?>405B 35>3@0D8N 2 >1KG=>9 A@54=59 H:>;5. , @07C<55BAO, ":;0AA=0O 40<0".  8 "". 0:-B> >A5=LN ?@8H;0 :> <=5 =0 G09 - ;8F> 2 ?OB=0E, @C:8 4@>60B. - >A?>48, :0:0O 65 O 4C@0! - 70?@8G8B0;0 >=0. - @54AB02;O5HL, =0A:>;L:> =C6=> 1KBL =5=>@<0;L=>9, GB>1K ?>9B8 A MB8<8 :@5B8=0<8 2 ?>E>4 A =>G52:>9! -  GB> A;CG8;>AL? - A;8 1K BK 2845;, GB> >=8 =>GLN 2KB2>@O;8! A5 4@C3 A 4@C3><...  <5=O GCBL... !>?;O:8, 2>AL<8:;0AA=8:8.  A0<>5 C60A=>5, GB> =5 AB5A=ONBAO." C@=0;8AB 2AB@5B8;AO A CG5=8:0<8 A2>59 ?@8OB5;L=8FK, 8 2A5 ?>4B25@48;>AL: 2A5 2>AL<8:;0AA=8:8 402=> B@0E0NBAO 4@C3 A 4@C3><, 452>G:8 8<5NB ?> 7, 10, 20 ?0@B=5@>2, 8 2A5 MB> >B:@KB> >1AC6405BAO 2 :;0AA5... "0:85 A>>1I5=8O G0AB> ?>O2;ONBAO 2 @>AA89A:>9 ?@5AA5, >4=8 6C@=0;8ABK ?8HCB > ?>4@>AB:>2>< A5:A5 A C60A><, 0 4@C385 - A> A<0:><. N1OB A5=A0F8>==K5 A>>1I5=8O 8 >B45;L=K5 CG5=K5. 0?@8<5@, 70254CNI89 >B45;>< =0CG=>9 8=D>@<0F88 !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 8<5=8 0AB5@0 4>:B>@ 8:>;09 '09:0 A>>1I8; =5A:>;L:8< <564C=0@>4=K< :>=D5@5=F8O< ?> ?@>D8;0:B8:5 !0, 1C4B> 70 ?>A;54=85 25 ;5B 2 >AA88 A@54=89 2>7@0AB ?5@2>3> ?>;>2>3> 0:B0 A=878;AO C <C6G8= A 20 4> 14, 0 C 65=I8= - A 22 4> 15 ;5B. ! 53> ;53:>9 @C:8 ?> <8@C 3C;ONB 8 4@C385, AB>;L 65 D0=B0AB8G5A:85, F8D@K, >A=>20==K5 =0 40==KE 0=:5B=>3> >?@>A0, ?@>2545==>3> 2 1990 3>4C 6C@=0;>< "4>@>2L5", =0 :>B>@K9 O:>1K >B25B8;8 200.000 8 4065 500.000 G5;>25:. 8:B> B0:>3> :>;8G5AB20 0=:5B, @07C<55BAO, =5 G8B0; 8 =5 >1@010BK20;. > A;>20< 3;02=>3> M?845<8>;>30 !0=:B-5B5@1C@30 ?@>D5AA>@0 7K 0E<0=>2>9, "A>3;0A=> 0=>=8<=><C >?@>AC", 90 ?@>F5=B>2 2K?CA:=8:>2 A@54=59 H:>;K C65 8<5NB A5:AC0;L=K9 >?KB. 0:>9 >?@>A, :0:85 2K?CA:=8:8, :0:>9 >?KB - =58725AB=>.  >B;8G85 >B 48;5B0=B>2, A?5F80;8AB >1O70= ?@5645 2A53> A?@>A8BL: 0 1K; ;8 <0;LG8:-B>? A;8 2 AB@0=5 459AB28B5;L=> ?@>8AE>48B @048:0;L=0O A5:AC0;L=0O @52>;NF8O, ?@5645 2A53> >=0 4>;6=0 ?@>O28BLAO 8<5==> C ?>4@>AB:>2. >65B 1KBL ?@>AB> C AB@0E0 3;070 25;8:8?  687=8 1K205B 2AO:>5. =C: <>8E AB0@KE 4@C759, >G5=L <8;K9 8 AG0AB;82> 65=0BK9 21-;5B=89 ABC45=B =0G0; A5:AC0;L=CN 687=L 2 14 ;5B 8 8<5; 4> 65=8BL1K 1>;LH5 80 65=I8=. 3> @>48B5;O< 8 454CH:5 A 101CH:>9 ?>4>1=>5 =5 <>3;> 1K 4065 ?@8A=8BLAO. ?@>G5<, 8 <=>385 53> A25@AB=8:8, ?@>102;ONI85AO >=0=87<>< 8 ?>@=>3@0D8G5A:8<8 :0@B8=:0<8, A;CH0O 53> @0AA:07, C<8@0;8 1K >B 7028AB8 8;8 2AB0;8 2 3>@4CN ?>7C <>@0;L=>3> =53>4>20=8O. > :0:>20 2A5-B0:8 A53>4=OH=OO A@54=5AB0B8AB8G5A:0O =>@<0?  B><, GB> A@54=89 2>7@0AB A5:AC0;L=>3> 451NB0 ?>4@>AB:>2 2 >AA88, :0: 8 25745, A=8605BAO, =8:0:8E A><=5=89 =5B, A>>B25BAB2CNI85 F8D@K ?@82545=K 2 ?@54K4CI59 3;025. BG0AB8 MB> >1JOA=O5BAO 0:A5;5@0F859, CA:>@5=85< ?>;>2>3> A>7@520=8O ?>4@>AB:>2 (?> 40==K< ..;0AB>2A:>3>, A@54=89 2>7@0AB <5=0@E5 (=0G0;> <5=AB@C0F89) C 452>G5:-<>A:28G5: A=878;AO A 15,1 3>40 2 1935 4> 13 ;5B 2 1970 3>4C, A59G0A MB> ?@>8AE>48B 5I5 @0=LH5), 0 1>;LH5 2A53> - A>F80;L=K<8 D0:B>@0<8. > GB> :>=:@5B=> AB>8B 70 MB8< 8 G5< A5:AC0;L=>5 ?>2545=85 8 F5==>AB8 A53>4=OH=8E @>AA89A:8E ?>4@>AB:>2 >B;8G0NBAO >B AB0@H8E ?>:>;5=89 8 >B A2>8E 70?04=>52@>?59A:8E 8 0<5@8:0=A:8E @>25A=8:>2? !C4O ?> 40==K< =0H8E A>F8>;>38G5A:8E >?@>A>2 1993 8 1995 3>4>2, A;CE8 > A:>@>< :>=F5 A25B0 =0 ?>G25 @07=C740==>3> ?>4@>AB:>2>3> A5:A0 >:070;8AL A8;L=> ?@5C25;8G5==K<8, => B5< =5 <5=55 A5:AC0;L=K5 CAB0=>2:8 8 ?>2545=85 A>2@5<5==KE ?>4@>AB:>2 A8;L=> >B;8G0NBAO >B B5E, :>B>@K5 1K;8 E0@0:B5@=K 2 B>< 65 2>7@0AB5 4;O 8E >BF>2 8 454>2. 5 2 B>< A<KA;5, GB> C ?>4@>AB:>2 >A;015;0 >@85=B0F8O =0 ;N1>2L, 1@0: 8 A5<59=K5 F5==>AB8.  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A;8 ?@8=OBL 2> 2=8<0=85 B>;L:> B0:85 D0:B>@K :0: 2>7@0AB 8 <>B82K A5:AC0;L=>9 8=8F80F88, B> =8G53> A5=A0F8>==>3> 2 @>AA89A:8E 40==KE =5B, >=8 2?>;=5 A>?>AB028<K A 70?04=K<8.  1990 3. :>8B0;L=K9 >?KB 8<5;8 40 ?@>F5=B>2 16-17-;5B=8E 70?04=>-35@<0=A:8E N=>H59 8 34 ?@>F5=B0 452CH5:. # 8E 2>AB>G=>35@<0=A:8E A25@AB=8:>2 A>>B25BAB2CNI85 F8D@K A>AB028;8 47% 8 59% C 16-;5B=8E 8 52 ?@>F5=B0 8 58 ?@>F5=B>2 C 17-;5B=8E (452CH:8 745AL >?5@560;8 N=>H59). > 40==K< @8B0=A:>3> =0F8>=0;L=>3> >?@>A0 (1991), 18,7 ?@>F5=B0 16-19-;5B=8E 65=I8= 8 27,6 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= MB>3> 2>7@0AB0 ?5@568;8 ?5@2>5 ?>;>2>5 A=>H5=85 4> =0ABC?;5=8O 16 ;5B.  !:0=48=02A:8E AB@0=0E, =0G8=0O A 1950-E 3>4>2, 65=I8=K =0G8=0NB A5:AC0;L=CN 687=L @0=LH5 <C6G8=.  >@25388 A@54=89 2>7@0AB A5:AC0;L=>3> 451NB0 A>AB02;O5B 17.3 3>40 C 65=I8= 8 18.0 C <C6G8=. > 40==K< 1>;LH>3> >?@>A0 16-20-;5B=8E =>@256A:8E CG0I8EAO, :>8B0;L=K9 >?KB 8<5;8 33.5 ?@>F5=B0 16-;5B=8E, 44.5 ?@>F5=B0 17-;5B=8E, 58.5 ?@>F5=B0 18-;5B=8E 8 84.4 ?@>F5=B0 19-;5B=8E. > 0<5@8:0=A:8< 40==K<, A@54=89 2>7@0AB ?5@2>3> ?>;>2>3> A=>H5=8O A>AB02;O5B 16,6 3>40 4;O N=>H59 8 17,4 3>40 4;O 452CH5:; 2 16 ;5B MB>B >?KB 8<5NB 42 ?@>F5=B0 B8=59465@>2. !@548 16-;5B=8E N=>H59-H:>;L=8:>2 >4=>3> 87 ?@83>@>4>2 >=@50;O, 345 ?@>68205B ?@58<CI5AB25==> A@54=89 :;0AA D@0=:>3>2>@OI8E :2515:F52, A5:AC0;L=> 8A:CH5==K5 A>AB028;8 @>2=> ?>;>28=C. 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A>2@5<5==>9 @>AA89A:>9 ?>4@>AB:>2>9 A5:AC0;L=>9 :C;LBC@K >G5=L ?>E>6 =0 BC, :>B>@0O ACI5AB2>20;0 2 !( 8 2 AB@0=0E 0?04=>9 2@>?K 30 ;5B B><C =0704. 0==55 =0G0;> A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8 B>340 B>65 :>@@5;8@>20;> A ?;>E>9 CG51>9, :>=D;8:B0<8 A @>48B5;O<8, 2>2;5G5=85< 2 ?@5ABC?=K5 3@C??K, :@060<8, C3>=>< 02B><0H8=, 20=40;87<><, =0A8;85<, :C@5=85<, ?LO=AB2><, C?>B@51;5=85< =0@:>B8:>2. !0<0 ?> A515 A5:AC0;L=0O 0:B82=>ABL >B=N4L =5 1K;0 ?@8G8=>9 0=B8A>F80;L=>3> ?>2545=8O, => 70 AB0B8AB8G5A:8<8 :>@@5;OF8O<8 ?@>A;56820;8AL :>=BC@K B0:>3> B8?0 <>;>456=>9 AC1:C;LBC@K, :>340 8 27@>A;>5 >1I5AB2> 8 A0<8 B8=59465@K 284OB 2 A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8, :C@5=88, 2K?82:5 8 10;>2AB25 A =0@:>B8:0<8 7=0:8 27@>A;5=8O, >1@5B5=8O A0<>AB>OB5;L=>AB8 >B AB0@H8E, ?@5645 2A53> >B @>48B5;59. >340 >1I5AB2> ?5@5AB05B B01C8@>20BL N=>H5A:CN A5:AC0;L=>ABL, =0G8=05B >B=>A8BLAO : =59 A?>:>9=>, ?><>30O ?>4@>AB:0< >2;045BL =5>1E>48<K<8 4;O 687=8 7=0=8O<8, 55 A2O7L A 45280=B=K< ?>2545=85< >A;015205B 8 4065 2>2A5 8AG5705B. <5==> MB> ?@>8AE>48B A59G0A 2 0?04=>9 2@>?5. !@02=5=85 A5:AC0;L=>3> ?>2545=8O 70?04=>-52@>?59A:8E ?>4@>AB:>2 8 N=>H59 1990-E 3>4>2 A B5<, :0:8< >=> 1K;> 20 - 25 ;5B B><C =0704, 2KO28;> =5A:>;L:> >1I8E G5@B. !5:AC0;L=>ABL, ?5@5AB02 1KBL 70?@5B=>9, C65 =5 A2O70=0 A 45280=B=K< ?>2545=85< (8A:;NG5=85 A>AB02;ONB C;8G=K5 H09:8). 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A;54AB285 87<5=5=8O @>48B5;LA:8E CAB0=>2>:, ?>4@>AB:>20O A5:AC0;L=>ABL AB0=>28BAO ?@85<;5<K< AN65B>< 2=CB@8A5<59=>3> >1I5=8O, 0 B5@?8<>5 >B=>H5=85 27@>A;KE ?>1C6405B N=>H59 8 452CH5: ?@8=8<0BL =0 A51O 1>;LHCN >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 ?>A;54AB28O A2>8E ?>ABC?:>2. !53>4=OH=85 N=>H8 <5=LH5 7028AOB =5 B>;L:> >B @>48B5;59, :>B>@K5 2K=C645=K ?@87=0BL 8E =57028A8<>ABL 2 MB>< 2>?@>A5, => 8 >B A>1AB25==KE A5:AC0;L=KE 8<?C;LA>2 8 ?>B5=F80;L=>3> 402;5=8O A25@AB=8:>2. 5@2K9 A5:AC0;L=K9 >?KB, ?@8 2A59 53> ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 7=0G8<>AB8, 2 :0:>9-B> AB5?5=8 CB@0B8; 1K;>5 7=0G5=85 A8<2>;8G5A:>3> @C1560 ?@52@0I5=8O <0;LG8:0 2 <C6G8=C. >A:>;L:C A5:A :0: B0:>2>9 AB0; 4>ABC?=55, N=>H8 AB@5<OBAO C65 =5 AB>;L:> : A5:AC, A:>;L:> : 1>;55 AB018;L=K< 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 8=B8<=K< >B=>H5=8O<.  @57C;LB0B5 2>AAB0=>28;8AL F5==>AB8 @><0=B8G5A:>9 ;N128, :>B>@CN =5:>B>@K5 B5>@5B8:8 A5:AC0;L=>9 @52>;NF88 1960-E 3>4>2 ;53:><KA;5==> ?>A?5H8;8 ?>E>@>=8BL. !E>4=K5, E>BO <5=55 70<5B=K5, ?5@5<5=K ?@>8AE>4OB 8 C 452CH5:. 52CH:8 ?@>O2;ONB B5?5@L 1>;LH5 8=8F80B82K 8 :>=B@>;O 2 A5:AC0;L=KE >B=>H5=8OE, => =5@54:> ?>;CG0NB >B =8E <5=LH5 C4>2>;LAB28O. 5=45@=K5 @07;8G8O 2 A5:AC0;L=>< ?>2545=88 8 CAB0=>2:0E N=>H59 8 452CH5:, @57:> C<5=LH82H85AO 2 ?@54K4CI89 ?5@8>4, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 AB018;878@>20;8AL =0 MB>< =>2>< C@>2=5. @8G5<, ?> <=5=8N 8AA;54>20B5;59, 2A5 MB8 A42838 =5 7028AOB >B >1@07>20B5;L=>3> C@>2=O ?>4@>AB:>2 8 =5 O2;ONBAO @57C;LB0B>< M?845<88 !0, A :>B>@>9 ?>4@>AB:8, C2K, <0;> AG8B0NBAO. @>AB> F828;87>20==0O A5:AC0;L=>ABL <5=55 03@5AA82=0 8 1>;55 8718@0B5;L=0. 4=0:> B0: ?@>8AE>48B B>;L:> B0<, 345 27@>A;>5 >1I5AB2> >1;0405B 4>AB0B>G=> 2KA>:>9 A5:AC0;L=>9 :C;LBC@>9 8 B5@?8<>ABLN. !(, 345 :>=A5@20B82=K5 A8;K ?KB0;8AL 2 :>=F5 1960-E >AB0=>28BL A5:AC0;L=CN @52>;NF8N A ?><>ILN 70:;8=0=89 8 70?@5B>2, C25@OO, GB> A5:AC0;L=>5 ?@>A25I5=85 - "3@O7=K9 :><<C=8AB8G5A:89 703>2>@ 4;O ?>4@K20 4CE>2=>3> 74>@>2LO 0<5@8:0=A:>9 <>;>4568", A59G0A @0A?;0G820NBAO 70 MB> =5A;KE0==K< 2 0?04=>< <8@5 @07<0E>< A5:AC0;L=>3> =0A8;8O, ?>4@>AB:>2KE 15@5<5==>AB59 8 01>@B>2. 07C<55BAO, MB> 7028A8B >B <=>65AB20 A>F80;L=KE ?@8G8=, => A5:AC0;L=0O 1573@0<>B=>ABL, 2 A>G5B0=88 A 03@5AA82=K< :C;LB>< A5:A0 2 A@54AB20E <0AA>2>9 8=D>@<0F88, B>65 =5<0;> A?>A>1AB2C5B MB><C. !( 8<5NB 5420 ;8 =5 ;CGH85 2 <8@5 =0CG=K5 8AA;54>20=8O ?@>1;5< ?>;0. > :>340 2 :>=F5 1989 3. =AB8BCB 8=78 ?@>B5AB8@>20; 1974 27@>A;KE 0<5@8:0=F52, 70402 18 M;5<5=B0@=KE A5:A>;>38G5A:8E 2>?@>A>2, 55 ?@>F5=B>2 >?@>H5==KE ?@>20;8;8AL, =5 AC<52 ?@028;L=> >B25B8BL 4065 =0 ?>;>28=C 2>?@>A>2, B>;L:> ?OBL G5;>25: ?>;CG8;8 "?OB5@:8" 8 68 (4 ?@>F5=B0) - "G5B25@:8". 0 8 :0: <>3;> 1KBL 8=0G5, 5A;8 ;8HL 14 ?@>F5=B>2 MB8E ;N459 ?>;CG8;8 2 N=>AB8 :0:>5-B> A5:AC0;L=>5 >1@07>20=85?  >?@>A5, ?@>2545==>< 2 =0G0;5 1990-E 3>4>2 AC?@C30<8 60=CA, 53 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 33 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8= A:070;8, GB> 3;02=K5 A2545=8O > A5:A5 ?>G5@?=C;8 =0 C;8F5, 25 8 40 ?@>F5=B>2 - 2 :@C3C A5<L8, 8 B>;L:> 20 8 25 ?@>F5=B>2 - 2 H:>;5.  ?>A;54=85 3>4K A5:AC0;L=>5 ?@>A25I5=85 2 !( AB0;> C;CGH0BLAO. !C4O ?> =5402=5<C >?@>AC, B@8 G5B25@B8 B8=59465@>2 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 >1AC640NB MB8 2>?@>AK A @>48B5;O<8 8 72 ?@>F5=B0 8<5;8 :0:85-B> 70=OB8O 2 H:>;5. <5==> MB8< 0<5@8:0=A:>5 ?@028B5;LAB2> 8 CG5=K5 >1JOA=ONB 4>AB83=CB>5 2 1995 3>4C - 2?5@2K5 A 1970 3>40 ! - ?OB8?@>F5=B=>5 A=865=85 G8A;0 ?>4@>AB:>2, =0G02H8E ?>;>2CN 687=L <564C 15 8 19 3>40<8 (:>;8G5AB2> 452CH5:, =0G02H8E A5:AC0;L=CN 687=L 2 MB>< 2>7@0AB5, A=878;>AL A 55 ?@>F5=B>2 2 1990 4> 50 ?@>F5=B>2 2 1995 , 0 4>;O N=>H59 - A 60 ?@>F5=B>2 2 1988 4> 55 ?@>F5=B>2 2 1995 3>4C). 52OBL 87 45AOB8 >?@>H5==KE 18-19-;5B=8E A:070;8, GB> >=8 ?>;CG8;8 :0:>5-B> A8AB5<0B8G5A:>5 A5:AC0;L=>5 ?@>A25I5=85. "5< =5 <5=55 425 B@5B8 ?>4@>AB:>2KE 15@5<5==>AB59 2>7=8:0NB ?><8<> 8E 2>;8.  >AA88 A8BC0F8O 3>@074> EC65.  1991 3. =0 2>?@>A &, ">2>@8;8 ;8 20H8 @>48B5;8 A 20<8 =0 B5<K ?>;>2>3> 2>A?8B0=8O?" ?>;>68B5;L=> >B25B8;8 13 ?@>F5=B>2, >B@8F0B5;L=> - 87 ?@>F5=B>2 >?@>H5==KE. A>15==> >145;5=K @>48B5;LA:8< 2=8<0=85< <0;LG8:8: 5A;8 A 452>G:0<8 3>2>@8;8 15 ?@>F5=B>2 @>48B5;59, B> A <0;LG8:0<8 - B>;L:> 10. !=>20 1@>A05BAO 2 3;070 A>F80;L=>-2>7@0AB=0O 48DD5@5=F80F8O: A@548 ;N459 <>;>65 25 ;5B ?>;>68B5;L=> >B25B8;8 =0 MB>B 2>?@>A 27-28 ?@>F5=B>2, 0 A@548 B5E, :><C 1>;LH5 55 ;5B, - B>;L:> 5 ?@>F5=B>2. >@>4A:85 @>48B5;8 3>2>@OB =0 MB8 B5<K G0I5, G5< A5;LA:85 8 B.4. !>1AB25==KE 45B59 @5A?>=45=BK 2>A?8BK20NB 8;8 A>18@0NBAO 2>A?8BK20BL 8=0G5. 0 2>?@>A ">2>@8;8 ;8 2K, A>18@05B5AL ;8 2K 3>2>@8BL A> A2>8<8 45BL<8 =0 B5<K ?>;>2>3> 2>A?8B0=8O?" CB25@48B5;L=> >B25B8;8 51 (65=I8= =0 6 ?@>F5=B>2 1>;LH5, G5< <C6G8=) , >B@8F0B5;L=> - 48 ?@>F5=B>2. 4=0:> ?5@525A ?>;>68B5;L=KE >B25B>2 4>AB8305BAO 3;02=K< >1@07>< 70 AG5B <>;>4568, C<5=LH0OAL A 83 ?@>F5=B>2 2 3@C??5 20-24-;5B=8E, :>B>@K5 3>2>@OB B>;L:> > A2>8E =0<5@5=8OE, 4> 23-24 ?@>F5=B>2 A@548 B5E, :B> AB0@H5 55 ;5B. ;O >?@>H5==KE !>B=8:>2>9 8 5@<8=>2>9 452CH5:-<>A:28G5: 2 1988 3. 3;02=K< 8AB>G=8:>< 8=D>@<0F88 ?> 2>?@>A0< ?>;0 8 :>=B@0F5?F88 (56 ?@>F5=B>2) 1K;8 ?>4@C38 8 7=0:><K5; 4>;O @>48B5;59 A>AB028;0 9,7, <548F8=A:8E @01>B=8:>2 - 3,8, CG8B5;59 - 1,2 ?@>F5=B0. > 40==K< =0H53> >?@>A0 1993 3., 1>;LH5 42CE B@5B59 @>48B5;59 =8:>340 =5 3>2>@8;8 A> A2>8<8 45BL<8 > A5:A5, 0 B5, :B> B0:8E B5< :0A0;AO, 45;0;8 MB> >48=-420 @070. !0<8 @51OB0 A?@0H820BL @>48B5;59 AB5A=ONBAO 8;8 =5 E>BOB. 0 ?>A;54=89 3>4 ?5@54 >?@>A>< 67 ?@>F5=B>2 452>G5: 8 77 ?@>F5=B>2 <0;LG8:>2 =8 @07C =5 704020;8 B0:8E 2>?@>A>2. 5 C4828B5;L=>, GB> =0 2>?@>A: "0A:>;L:> A>2?040NB B2>8 273;O4K 8 ?@8=F8?K, :0A0NI85AO A5:A0, A> 273;O40<8 8 ?@8=F8?0<8 B2>8E @>48B5;59?" 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"!5:AC0;L=>5 >A2>1>645=85" >15@=C;>AL 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L @>AB>< <>@0;L=> =5?@85<;5<>3> 8 >?0A=>3> A5:A0 - A5:AC0;L=>3> =0A8;8O, ?@>AB8BCF88 8 1>;57=59, ?5@540205<KE ?>;>2K< ?CB5< (). !5:AC0;L=>5 =0A8;85 25 ?>4@C6:8, 15-;5B=OO "0=O 8 17-;5B=OO ==0, ?>H;8 25G5@>< 2 :8=>, 8 2>B GB> A =8<8 A;CG8;>AL. ==0: "K ?>5E0;8 2 :8=>B50B@ "!;020", 27O;8 18;5BK =0 D8;L< "0:;OB85 4>;8=K 7<59".  BCB : =0< ?>4>H;8 @51OB0, 42>8< ;5B => A5<=04F0BL >4=>3> 720;8 '5:><, 4@C3>3> - %01>9.  42>5 - ;5B ?> 14-15: KG>: 8 >;>20.-K 2<5AB5 ?>A<>B@5;8 D8;L<.  ?>B>< =0< A=>20 ?@54;>68;8 ?@>3C;OBLAO 8 ?> ?CB8 >A<>B@5BL 8E ":0G0;:C". C, MB> B0:>9 ?>420;, 345 ?0@=8 :0G0NB <CA:C;K. K, 4C@K, A>3;0A8;8AL. '5: 8 %010 - @51OB0 A 284C E>@>H85, =5 E0<K. C, 0 KG>: 8 >;>20 - 2>>1I5 5I5 45B8... >B>< %010 :C40-B> =5=04>;3> 8AG57 8 ?@8=5A 425 1CBK;:8 28=0. >;, =04> 65 ?@074=8: >B<5B8BL. C, 8 7=0:><AB2>... >B>< =0A 7025;8 2 ?>420;. 8:0:8E 38<=0AB8G5A:8E A=0@O4>2 B0< ?>G5<C-B> =5 1K;>.  2 40;L=59 >G5=L <0;5=L:>9 :><=0B5 A 65;57=>9 425@LN AB>O;0 AB0@0O A>D0. "0=N 225;8 BC40, 0 '5: <5=O >AB0=>28; 8 3>2>@8B: ">=8<05HL, ==0, BCB B0:>5 45;>. 0A AN40 ?@825;8 =5 4;O B>3>, GB>1K :0G0;:C A<>B@5BL, 0 GB>1K =0A8;>20BL.."" "0=O: "5=O CA048;8 =0 4820=. !;520 A5; KG>:. !?@020 - >;>20. %010 2AB0; =0?@>B82 8 3>2>@8B. "C, :B> 87 =0A B515 1>;LH5 =@028BAO?" / ?>=O;0, GB> BCB GB>-B> =5 B>, 0 A:070BL =8G53> =5 <>3C...  %010: "C, :>@>G5: BK <=5 =@028HLAO. 0209!" / 3>2>@N: ""K GB>, 2 A2>5< C<5?"  >=: .0209, O E>GC!"  KG>: H5?G5B: "0209 ;CGH5 A> <=>9!"  >;>20, I5=>: A>?;82K9, C65 ;575B ?>4 ?0;LB>. / - A>?@>B82;OBLAO.  >= <=5: "#15@8 @C:8! > E>@>H5<C 3>2>@N!" # <5=O 2A5 ?><CB8;>AL. ;0GC, C<>;ON: "5 ;><09B5 <=5 687=L".  %010 A2>5: "B =0A =8:B> ?@>AB> B0: 5I5 =5 CE>48;..." / A=>20 @52C, C<>;ON. ">340 %010 3>2>@8B: "04=>, O B51O >AB02;N B0:>9, :0:0O BK 5ABL, => BK... >=O;0?" / 70:@8G0;0 "5B!" - "">340, - 3>2>@8B %010, - 1C45< 45;0BL A8;>9 8 B>, 8 4@C3>5. !G8B0N 4> B@5E. C!" / A=>20 AB0;0 53> C<>;OBL.  >=: "C, BK <5=O 2K25;0". 0: 40AB <=5 :C;0:>< 2 ;8F>. >B>< =>3>9..." !5:AC0;L=>5 =0A8;85 - O2;5=85 =5 =>2>5.  1960-E 33. 87=0A8;>20=8O A>AB02;O;8 90-95 ?@>F5=B>2 2A5E A>25BA:8E ?>;>2KE ?@5ABC?;5=89. -B0 F8D@0 >AB0;0AL B0:>9 65 8 2 1988 3. > 40==K< . . LOG5=:>, 87=0A8;>20=8O A>AB02;ONB 2 A@54=5< G5BK@5 ?OBKE ?>;>2KE ?@5ABC?;5=89. 4=0:> 53> 01A>;NB=K5 ?>:070B5;8 1KAB@> @0ABCB.  1988 3. 2 !!!  1K;> >D8F80;L=> 70@538AB@8@>20=> 17658 87=0A8;>20=89 8 ?>:CH5=89 =0 87=0A8;>20=85, 0 2 1990 3. - 22469, 87 :>B>@KE =0 !$!  ?@8E>48;>AL 15010. > A@02=5=8N A 1961 3. ?@8@>AB A>AB028; 60 ?@>F5=B>2, A 1986 - 21,3 ?@>F5=B0. 0 100 BKAOG =0A5;5=8O 2 1990 3. 1K;> A>25@H5=> ?> !!!  7,8 87=0A8;>20=89 8 ?>?KB>: 87=0A8;>20=8O, ?> !$!  - 10,1 (2 >AA88 MB>B :>MDD8F85=B 1K; 3>@074> 2KH5, G5< 2> 2A5E >AB0;L=KE @5A?C1;8:0E). !>3;0A=> >D8F80;L=>9 AB0B8AB8:5, =081>;LH89 ?@8@>AB 70@538AB@8@>20==KE 87=0A8;>20=89 8 ?>?KB>: 87=0A8;>20=8O ?0405B =0 19893. (14597 A;CG052, 3>4>2>9 ?@8@>AB 26,3 ?@>F5=B0).  1990 3. 3>4>2>9 ?@8@>AB A>AB028; 2,8 ?@>F5=B0.  A;54CNI85 420 3>40 :>;8G5AB2> 87=0A8;>20=89 =5A:>;L:> A=878;>AL, => 2 1993 3. >=> A=>20 2K@>A;> =0 5,3 ?@>F5=B0, A>AB0282 14414 A;CG052. !2KH5 G5B25@B8 ?@5ABC?;5=89 A>25@H5=> 14-17 ;5B=8<8 N=>H0<8 8 1>;LH5 ?>;>28=K - <>;>4K<8 <C6G8=0<8 >B 18 4> 29 ;5B. > 40==K< LOG5=:>, :>B>@K9 ?@>0=0;878@>20; @0AA<>B@5==K5 AC40<8 2 1983-1992 33. C3>;>2=K5 45;0 ?> AB. 117 2 >B=>H5=88 160 >AC645==KE 8 180 ?>B5@?52H8E, ?>402;ONI55 1>;LH8=AB2> - 81 ?@>F5=B - 87=0A8;>20=89 ?@>87>H;> A ?><>ILN D878G5A:>3> ?@8=C645=8O 8 11 ?@>F5=B>2 - ?>4 C3@>7>9 53> ?@8<5=5=8O. 8G53> >A>15==> A5=A0F8>==>3> 2 MB8E F8D@0E =5B. >AB :>;8G5AB20 87=0A8;>20=89 - ;8HL =51>;LH0O G0ABL 3830=BA:>3> @>AB0 ?@5ABC?=>AB8 2 AB@0=5, 2:;NG0O ?@5ABC?;5=8O ?@>B82 ;8G=>AB8. 1A>;NB=K5 F8D@K 87=0A8;>20=89 2 >AA88 ?@81;878B5;L=> 2 6 @07 =865, G5< 2 !(. > 40==K< 0<5@8:0=A:>3> 0F8>=0;L=>3> >1A;54>20=8O, A5:AC0;L=>5 ?@8=C645=85 8A?KB0;8 22 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8= 8 2 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8=, > 70G5< @02=OBLAO =0 EC4H85 >1@07FK? > $@0=F88 =0 2>?@>A "!;CG0;>AL ;8 20< 8<5BL A5:AC0;L=K5 >B=>H5=8O ?> ?@8=C645=8N?" >B25B8;8 "40" ;8HL 4,4 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8= 8 0,5 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8=, ?@8G5< 1>;LH59 G0ABLN MB> A;CG8;>AL A =8<8 2 @0==59 N=>AB8. !@548 16-20-;5B=8E =>@256F52 B>;L:> 2,7 ?@>F5=B0 452CH5: (8 =8 >48= N=>H0) A:070;8, GB> A>25@H8;8 A2>9 ?5@2K9 ?>;>2>9 0:B "?>4 402;5=85<" (MB> ?>=OB85 2>2A5 =5 M:2820;5=B=> 87=0A8;>20=8N). @><5 B>3>, 2 >AA88 7=0G8B5;L=> 2KH5 ?@8@>AB ?>4>1=KE ?@5ABC?;5=89, 0 :@8<8=0;L=0O AB0B8AB8:0 3>@074> <5=55 =0456=0. 7 785 >1@0B82H8EAO 2 !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:89 &5=B@ ?><>I8 ?>AB@0402H8< >B A5:AC0;L=>3> =0A8;8O (87 =8E 427 <>;>65 18 ;5B), 2 ?@02>>E@0=8B5;L=K5 >@30=K >1@0I0;8AL B>;L:> 37 G5;>25:, <5=LH5 ?OB8 ?@>F5=B>2! N48 =5 >1@0I0NBAO 2 <8;8F8N ?> <=>38< ?@8G8=0<. "CB 8 1>O7=L ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 B@02<K, A2O70==>9 A @0AA;54>20=85< 8 AC451=K< ?@>F5AA><, 8 AB@0E @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O 8=D>@<0F88 2 H:>;5 8 A@548 7=0:><KE, 8 A><=5=8O >B=>A8B5;L=> MDD5:B82=>AB8 ?@02>2>9 ?><>I8, 8 AB@0E 70 ;8G=CN 157>?0A=>ABL.  A>60;5=8N, 2A5 MB8 >?0A5=8O 01A>;NB=> >1>A=>20==K. 065 :>340 @5GL 845B > =5A>25@H5==>;5B=8E, <8;8F8O AB0@05BAO =5 >B:@K20BL B0:85 45;0 8 =5 30@0=B8@C5B A>E@0=5=8O B09=K 8 157>?0A=>AB8 65@B2K, :>B>@CN G0AB> 2AB@5G0NB =54>25@G82> 8 4065 A >B:@>25==>9 87452:>9. >MB><C 2 @>AA89A:>9 C3>;>2=>9 AB0B8AB8:5 D83C@8@CNB ?@58<CI5AB25==> 3@C1K5, G0I5 2A53> 3@C??>2K5 8 C;8G=K5 87=0A8;>20=8O. ">, GB> 2 !( =07K20NB date rape (87=0A8;>20=85 2> 2@5<O A2840=8O) 8 marital rape (AC?@C65A:>5 87=0A8;>20=85), C =0A 1>;LH59 G0ABLN >AB05BAO 157=0:070==K< 8 2 :@8<8=0;L=CN AB0B8AB8:C =5 ?>?0405B. !5:AC0;L=>5 =0A8;85, 845B ;8 @5GL > 65@B20E 8;8 > =0A8;L=8:0E, :0: 8 2AO ?@>G0O ?@5ABC?=>ABL, 70<5B=> <>;>455B 8 AB0=>28BAO 2A5 1>;55 65AB>:8<, ?@8G5< =8 65@B2K, =8 =0A8;L=8:8 =5 ?>;CG0NB ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 <548:>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?><>I8. A;8 @0=LH5 ?>4>1=K5 D0:BK >B >1I5AB25==>AB8 A:@K20;8AL, B> B5?5@L >=8 H8@>:> 8 A;04>AB@0AB=> <CAA8@CNBAO A@54AB20<8 <0AA>2>9 8=D>@<0F88, 2K7K20O C =0A5;5=8O A>AB>O=85 AB@0E0 8 <>@0;L=>9 ?0=8:8, 8 AB0=>2OBAO ?@54<5B>< ?>;8B8G5A:8E A?5:C;OF89. !5:AC0;L=>5 =0A8;85 <>6=> @0AA<0B@820BL 2 B@5E ?@>5:F8OE: A B>G:8 7@5=8O ;8G=>AB8 =0A8;L=8:0, A B>G:8 7@5=8O ;8G=>AB8 65@B2K 8 A B>G:8 7@5=8O ?>@>640NI8E =0A8;85 A>F80;L=KE CA;>289.  ?5@2KE 42CE ?;0=0E C =0A =5B =8G53> >@838=0;L=>3>. > 40==K< A>25BA:>9 :@8<8=0;L=>9 AB0B8AB8:8, 2 19903. 28 ?@>F5=B>2 2A5E 87=0A8;>20=89 A>25@H0;8 14-17-;5B=85 ?>4@>AB:8 8 N=>H8, 56 ?@>F5=B>2 - <>;>4K5, 18-29-;5B=85 <C6G8=K, 16 ?@>F5=B>2 - <C6G8=K AB0@H5 30 ;5B. 25 B@5B8 =0A8;L=8:>2 - <>;>65 22 ;5B, A@548 =5A>25@H5==>;5B=8E A0<K9 >?0A=K9 2>7@0AB - 16-17 ;5B, >4=0:> =01;N405BAO A=865=85 2>7@0AB=>9 ?;0=:8 4> 15-14 ;5B. > A>F80;L=><C A>AB02C 49 ?@>F5=B>2 ?@5ABC?=8:>2 - @01>G85, 7 ?@>F5=B>2 - :@5ABLO=5, >:>;> 1,5 ?@>F5=B>2 - A;C60I85, 21 ?@>F5=B - CG0I85AO, 22 ?@>F5=B0 - ;8F0 157 >?@545;5==KE 70=OB89. 064>5 G5B25@B>5 =0A8;85 O2;O5BAO 3@C??>2K<; G5< <>;>65 ?@5ABC?=8:8, B5< G0I5 8E 459AB28O O2;ONBAO 3@C??>2K<8. 40 ?@>F5=B>2 =0A8;L=8:>2 @0=55 1K;8 C65 AC48<K. 25 B@5B8 2 <><5=B =0?045=8O 1K;8 2 =5B@572>< A>AB>O=88. !@548 65@B2 =0A8;8O, 452OBL 45AOBKE - <>;>4K5 65=I8=K, =0 4>AB83H85 25 ;5B, 8E =8E 46 ?@>F5=B>2 - =5A>25@H5==>;5B=85. 70 ?@>F5=B>2 87 =8E C65 8<5;8 A5:AC0;L=K9 >?KB, 55 ?@>F5=B>2 2 <><5=B ?>:CH5=8O 1K;8 2 =5B@572>< A>AB>O=88, 25 ?@>F5=B>2 - ;N18B5;L=8FK 25A5;>3> 2@5<O?@5?@>2>645=8O, 15 ?@>F5=B>2 C65 @0=LH5 ?>425@30;8AL 87=0A8;>20=8N. 40 ?@>F5=B>2 87=0A8;>20=89 A>25@H0;>AL 2 4><5 ?@5ABC?=8:0 8;8 ?>B5@?52H59, GB> 3>2>@8B > =0;8G88 :0:>3>-B> ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> 7=0:><AB20. > 40==K< . . 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"0:0O 2>B =>20O D>@<0 1>@L1K 70 ?@020 G5;>25:0... ?@>G5<, 3075B0 ?@54;>65=85 =5 ?>445@60;0. !5:AC0;L=K5 CA;C38 H8@>:> @5:;0<8@CNBAO 2 G0AB=KE >1JO2;5=8OE: "@825BAB2C5< 0=3;>-3>2>@OI8E 3>AB59 >AA88! 25 >G0@>20B5;L=K5 1;>=48=:8 ?><>3CB 20< >@30=87>20BL 20H 4>AC3. !>>B5G5AB25==8:>2 ?@>AL10 =5 15A?>:>8BLAO"; "@0A82K9 <C6G8=0, 39 ;5B, @>AB 111 A<, 2K?>;=O5B :C==8;8=3CA 70 ?;0BC. >7<>6=> >1A;C6820=85 =0 4><C"; "@0A82K5 @CAA:85 65=I8=K! 0A 64CB 2 30@5<0E >AB>:0! 5A?;0B=K9 ?@>574 : =>2><C <5ABC 68B5;LAB20!" 0G8=0O A 1980-E 3>4>2 @0AB5B 8 H8@8BAO ?@0:B8:0 ?@>4068 <>;>4KE @>AA89A:8E 65=I8= 8 =5A>25@H5==>;5B=8E 452CH5: 2 70@C156=K5 1>@45;8. >;LH8=AB2> 84CB =0 MB> A>7=0B5;L=>, => =5:>B>@K5 4065 =5 ?>4>7@520NB, GB> 1C45B A =8<8 40;LH5. 07KA:0BL B0:8E =5;530;L=KE 8<<83@0=B>: A D0;LH82K<8 ?0A?>@B0<8, :>340 > =8E =0G8=0NB 15A?>:>8BLAO @>4AB25==8:8, ?@0:B8G5A:8 =52>7<>6=>.  A>60;5=8N, <K ?>GB8 =8G53> =5 7=05< > B5E, :B> ?>;L7C5BAO ?;0B=K<8 A5:AC0;L=K<8 CA;C30<8. > 40==K< B5;5D>==>3> >?@>A0 .. A0520 2 5B5@1C@35, 8 ?@>F5=B>2 <C6G8= A:070;8, GB> 8<5;8 :>=B0:BK A ?@>AB8BCB:0<8 G0AB> 8 5I5 8 ?@>F5=B>2 - @54:>. @8 0=>=8<=>< >?@>A5 A;CG09=KE ?@>E>68E, A@548 :>B>@KE, :>=5G=>, ?@5>1;040;8 ?@857685, =0 C;8F0E >A:2K, 150 <C6G8= 87 280 A:070;8, GB> ?>;L7>20;8AL ?;0B=K<8 A5:AC0;L=K<8 CA;C30<8, ?@8G5< 31 ?@>F5=B 87 =8E ?5@2K9 A2>9 ?>4>1=K9 >?KB 8<5; 5I5 4> 2>A5<=04F0B8;5B8O, 0 =5:>B>@K5 - 4065 4> 16 ;5B. 4=0:> MB8 F8D@K 01A>;NB=> =5@5?@575=B0B82=K. A;8 27OBL 0<5@8:0=A:85 40==K5, B> E>BO ?@>AB8BCF8O 2 !( ?@>F25B05B, 55 CA;C30<8 ?>;L7C5BAO <5=LH8=AB2> <C6G8=; 2 0F8>=0;L=>< >?@>A5 MB> ?@87=0;8 16 ?@>F5=B>2; 4>;O <C6G8=, =0G02H8E A2>N A5:AC0;L=CN 687=L A ?@>AB8BCB:>9, A=878;0AL A 7 ?@>F5=B>2 A@548 4>AB83H8E A>25@H5==>;5B8O 2 1950-E, 4> 1,5 ?@>F5=B>2 A@548 2>7<C602H8E 2 :>=F5 1980 - =0G0;5 1990-E 3>4>2. 'B> 45;0BL A A5:AC0;L=>9 :><<5@F859 ?  ?@8=F8?5 5ABL B@8 AB@0B5388: 1) ?KB0BLAO C=8GB>68BL 4@52=59HCN ?@>D5AA8N ?CB5< C3>;>2=>-?@02>2>-3> ?@5A;54>20=8O; 2) >3@0=8G8BL 5N @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 >?@545;5==K<8 <5AB0<8 8;8 CA;>28O<8; 3) ;530;87>20BL ?@>AB8BCF8N, ?>AB0282 55 ?>4 >E@0=C 8 :>=B@>;L 3>AC40@AB20. !>25BA:0O 2;0ABL ?KB0;0AL A>G5B0BL ?5@2K5 420 ?CB8. > #3>;>2=><C :>45:AC !$!  A0<0 ?> A515 ?@>AB8BCF8O 1K;0 C3>;>2=> =5=0:07C5<0, =0:07K20;>AL B>;L:> 2>2;5G5=85 2 =55 =5A>25@H5==>;5B=8E (AB0BLO 210) 8 A>45@60=85 ?@8B>=>2 @072@0B0 8 A2>4=8G5AB2> A :>@KAB=>9 F5;LN.  1987 3. MB8 <5@K 1K;8 4>?>;=5=K AB0BL59 164.2 >45:A0 >1 04<8=8AB@0B82=KE =0@CH5=8OE, ?@54CA<0B@8202H59 04<8=8AB@0B82=CN >B25BAB25==>ABL 70 70=OB85 ?@>AB8BCF859 2 2845 ?@54C?@5645=8O 8;8 HB@0D0. @><5 B>3>, ?@>AB8BCB:0< G0AB> ?@54JO2;O;8AL >128=5=8O 2 =570:>==KE 20;NB=KE >?5@0F8OE. -B0 :><?0=8O ?@>20;8;0AL.  1987-89 33. 2 !!!  1K;> ?@82;5G5=> : 04<8=8AB@0B82=>9 >B25BAB25==>AB8 70 ?@>AB8BCF8N >:>;> 5 BKAOG 65=I8=, => 8=D;OF8O 8 87<5=82H55AO >1I5AB25==>5 <=5=85 A45;0;8 04<8=8AB@0B82=K5 <5@K 15AA<KA;5==K<8. 0?@8<5@, 2 5B5@1C@35 2 19903. 1K;> ?@82;5G5=> : 04<8=8AB@0B82=>9 >B25BAB25==>AB8 193 65=I8=K, 2 1992 - 4, 2 1993 - 7. 7<5=5=85 >1I5AB25==>3> <=5=8O A2O70=>, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, A @0AH8@5=85< ?>=OB8O A>F80;L=> ?@85<;5<>9 M:>=><8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8, 0 A 4@C3>9 - A @>AB>< A5:AC0;L=>9 B5@?8<>AB8. > 40==K< D0=0AL520 8 !:>@>1>30B>20, 2 1992 3. :064K9 45AOBK9 <>;>4>9, 4> 25 ;5B, ?5B5@1C@65F AG8B0; ?@>AB8BCF8N 2?>;=5 70:>==>9 D>@<>9 ?>;CG5=8O 45=53. >AB B5@?8<>AB8 : ?@>AB8BCF88 45<>=AB@8@CNB 8 >?@>AK &.  1989 3. =0 2>?@>A: "0: A;54>20;> 1K ?>ABC?8BL A ?@>AB8BCB:0<8?" 27 ?@>F5=B>2 >B25B8;8 ";8:2848@>20BL", 33 ?@>F5=B>2 - "87>;8@>20BL", 8 ?@>F5=B>2 - "?><>30BL" 8 17 ?@>F5=B>2 - "?@54>AB028BL A0<8< A515".  1994 3. A>>B25BAB2CNI85 F8D@K A>AB02;ONB 18, 23,12 8 30 ?@>F5=B>2.  =0H5< >?@>A5 1995 3. A <=5=85<, GB> "70=OB85 A5:A>< @048 45=53 =5 4>;6=> >AC640BLAO 2 A>2@5<5==>< >1I5AB25" =5 A>3;0A8;8AL 41 ?@>F5=B 16-19 ;5B=8E 452CH5: 8 34 ?@>F5=B0 N=>H59, A>3;0A8;8AL 37 8 46 ?@>F5=B>2. @8 >?@>A5 2 1997 3. H:>;L=8:>2 7-9 :;0AA>2, 4>;O ?>;=>ABLN A>3;0A82H8EAO A MB8< AC645=85< N=>H59 ?>GB8 2G5B25@>, 0 4>;O 452CH5: - 2 420 A ?>;>28=>9 @070 ?@52KA8;0 0=0;>38G=K5 >B25BK 8E CG8B5;59 8 @>48B5;59. B=>H5=85 : A5:AC0;L=>9 :><<5@F88 @0A:0;K205B =5 B>;L:> >1I5AB25==>5 <=5=85, => 8 A?5F80;8AB>2. !B>@>==8:8 65AB:>3> :C@A0 4>:07K20NB, GB> ?@>AB8BCF8O <>@0;L=> @07;0305B >1I5AB2>, ?>4@K205B CAB>9G82>ABL 1@0:0 8 A5<L8, A?>A>1AB2C5B @0A?@>AB@0=5=8N  8 !0 8 A>25@H5=8N @O40 ?@5ABC?;5=89; ;N18<K9 AB0@K9 A>25BA:89 <>B82 - "872;5G5=85 =5B@C4>2KE 4>E>4>2" A<5=8;AO B5?5@L AAK;:0<8 =0 3@5E>2=>ABL 1;C40. 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A5 MB> - =5 =5>6840==>ABL, 8 =5?>43>B>2;5==>ABL AB@0=K : M?845<88 >1JOA=O5BAO =5 B>;L:> 45D8F8B>< A@54AB2.  >B;8G85 >B 70?04=KE AB@0=, ?5@2>9 =081>;55 <=>3>G8A;5==>9 3@C??>9 @8A:0 - 286 G5;>25: - 1K;8 2 >AA88 =5 3><>A5:AC0;K, =0@:><0=K 8 ?@>AB8BCB:8, 0 =>2>@>645==K5 45B8, :>B>@KE 70@078;8 2 @>48;L=KE 4><0E 87-70 >BACBAB28O >4=>@07>2KE H?@8F>2 8 =51@56=>AB8 <548F8=A:>3> ?5@A>=0;0. >A;5 MB>3> A0<8 >=8 8 8E A5<L8 AB0;8 65@B20<8 =5 B>;L:> AB@0H=>9 1>;57=8, => 8 A?84>D>188: <548F8=A:89 ?5@A>=0; 1>8BAO 8E ;5G8BL, A>A;C682FK =5 E>BOB 2<5AB5 @01>B0BL, 70@065==KE 45B59 B@51CNB C1@0BL 87 >1I8E H:>; 8 B. 4. @0240, :>340 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 !0 >:070;>AL =5 B0:8< 1KAB@K<, >1I0O A?84>D>18O =5A:>;L:> C<5=LH8;0AL. @8 >?@>A5 & 2 19893., 13 ?@>F5=B>2 >?@>H5==KE 2KA:07K20;8AL 70 ";8:2840F8N" 1>;L=KE !>< 8 24 ?@>F5=B0 - 70 8E 87>;OF8N.  1994 3. 4>;O B0:8E >B25B>2 A=878;0AL 4> 7 8 20 ?@>F5=B>2, 0 4>;O B5E, :B> AG8B05B =C6=K< "?><>30BL", =0?@>B82, 2K@>A;0 A 57 4> 68 ?@>F5=B>2. > >4=> 45;> - >B25B =0 >1I89 2>?@>A, 4@C3>5 - @50;L=>5 ?>2545=85 2 :>=:@5B=>9 A8BC0F88. >A;5 A:0=40;0 A 70@065=85< 1>;LH>9 3@C??K 45B59, AB@0=0 70:C?8;0 8;8 ?>;CG8;0 2 ?>@O4:5 3C<0=8B0@=>9 ?><>I8 1>;LH>5 :>;8G5AB2> >4=>@07>2KE H?@8F>2. 57:> C;CGH8;>AL 8 :0G5AB2> >B5G5AB25==KE ?@575@20B82>2, ?@>872>48<KE =0 0:>2A:>< 702>45. > <=5=8N M:A?5@B>2, ;CGH85 87 =8E =5 CABC?0NB ?> :0G5AB2C 70@C156=K<. > <=>385 0?B5:8 ?@575@20B82>2 =5 70:C?0NB, ?@>40NBAO >=8 157 8=AB@C:F89, G0AB> A ?@>A@>G5==K< A@>:>< 3>4=>AB8.  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'B> : =8< >B=>H5=85 >A>1>5. > ?>G5<C B0:? 0725 =5;L7O 8=0G5? >G5<C <>;G8B =0C:0?" 4=0:> C =0C:8, :0: 8 C >1I5AB20, 1K; =0:@5?:> 702O70= @>B...  >B=>H5=88 A>25BA:>3> >1I5AB20 : A5:AC0;L=K< <5=LH8=AB20< ?>A;5 1933 3. <>6=> 2K45;8BL G5BK@5 >A=>2=KE ?5@8>40. 1934 - 1986 - C3>;>2=K5 ?@5A;54>20=8O, 48A:@8<8=0F8O 8 70<0;G820=85. 1987 - 1990 - =0G0;> >B:@KB>3> ?C1;8G=>3> >1AC645=8O ?@>1;5<K A =0CG=>9 8 3C<0=8B0@=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O, CG5=K<8 8 6C@=0;8AB0<8. 1990 - 8N=L 1993 - 2KE>4 =0 0@5=C 1>@L1K ?@54AB028B5;59 A0<8E A5:AC0;L=KE <5=LH8=AB2, 2K42865=85 =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0= ?@>1;5<K ?@02 G5;>25:0, ?@52@0I5=85 ?@>1;5<K 87 <548F8=A:>9 2 ?>;8B8G5A:CN, 2>7=8:=>25=85 3552A:8E >@30=870F89 8 8740=89. ! >B<5=K AB0BL8 121.1 # !$!  ?> =0AB>OI55 2@5<O - =5:>B>@>5 C;CGH5=85 ?>;>65=8O 3552 8 ;5A18O=>:, =0G0;> ?@52@0I5=8O 3><>A5:AC0;L=>3> ?>4?>;LO 2 "3>;C1CN" AC1:C;LBC@C, 1>@L10 ?@>B82 3><>D>188, 70 ?>;=CN ;8:2840F8N @5?@5AA82=>3> 70:>=>40B5;LAB20 8 A5:AC0;L=>5 @025=AB2>.  ?5@2>< ?5@8>45 C65 3>2>@8;>AL 2KH5. 04> >B<5B8BL, GB> ?5@20O 0=B83><>A5:AC0;L=0O :0<?0=8O 2 A>25BA:>9 ?@5AA5 1K;0 >G5=L :>@>B:>9, C65 2 A5@548=5 1930-E 3>4>2 =0 A59 AG5B CAB0=>28;>AL ?>;=>5 8 01A>;NB=>5 <>;G0=85. ><>A5:AC0;87< ?@>AB> =8345 8 =8:0: =5 C?><8=0;AO, AB02 2 1C:20;L=>< A<KA;5 "=5=07K205<K<". 03>2>@ <>;G0=8O @0A?@>AB@0=O;AO 4065 =0 B0:85 0:045<8G5A:85 AN65BK :0: D0;;8G5A:85 :C;LBK 8;8 0=B8G=0O ?545@0AB8O.  1974 3. 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A0<>9 B5@?8<>9 AB@0=>9 1K;0 >;;0=48O, 70 :>B>@>9 A;54>20;8 0=8O 8 $  (A <=5=85<, GB> "3><>A5:AC0;L=>ABL 2A5340 =5?@028;L=0" 2 MB8E AB@0=0E A>3;0A8;8AL A>>B25BAB25==> 22, 34 8 42 ?@>F5=B0 >?@>H5==KE), 0 A0<K<8 =5B5@?8<K<8 - 5:A8:0 8 !( (73 8 65 ?@>F5=B>2 B0:8E >B25B>2).30 <5@8:0=A:>5 0F8>=0;L=>5 >1A;54>20=85 1993 3. 40;> B0:CN 65 F8D@C - 64,8 ?@>F5=B0; >4=0:> >=0 =865, G5< 4>;O ;N459, >AC640NI8E 2=51@0G=K5 A2O78, 8 A8;L=> (>B 6-9 4> 96 ?@>F5=B>2) 20@L8@C5B 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B >1I8E A>F80;L=>-?>;8B8G5A:8E CAB0=>2>: >?@>H5==KE. @8 MB><, ?> 40==K< =35;E0@B0, <>;>4K5 ;N48 (>B 18 4> 24 ;5B) 2> 2A5E >1I5AB20E 7=0G8B5;L=> B5@?8<55 AB0@H8E; ?> A@02=5=8N A B5<8, :B> AB0@H5 65 ;5B - 242>5. -B> A2O70=> A 8E 1>;LH59 >1I59 B5@?8<>ABLN 8 >1@07>20==>ABLN, :@><5 B>3>, >=8 GC2AB2CNB A51O C25@5==55 8 ?>B><C 4>?CA:0NB 1>;LH5 20@80F89 2 ?>2545=88 8 CAB0=>2:0E 4@C38E ;N459.  >AA88 ?@>8AE>48B B> 65 A0<>5. !>25BA:>5 >1I5AB2> >B;8G0;>AL :@09=59 =5B5@?8<>ABLN : ;N1><C 8=0:><KA;8N 8 =5>1KG=><C ?>2545=8N, 4065 A>25@H5==> =528==><C. ><>A5:AC0;K 1K;8 2 =5< A0<>9 AB83<0B878@>20==>9 A>F80;L=>9 3@C??>9. > 40==K< 2A5A>N7=>3> >?@>A0 & 2 =>O1@5 1989 3. =0 2>?@>A "0: A;54>20;> 1K ?>ABC?0BL A 3><>A5:AC0;8AB0<8?" 33 ?@>F5=B0 >?@>H5==KE >B25B8;8 - ";8:2848@>20BL", 30 ?@>F5=B>2 - "87>;8@>20BL", 10 ?@>F5=B>2 - "?@54>AB028BL A0<8< A515" 8 B>;L:> 6 ?@>F5=B>2 - "?><>30BL". B=>H5=85 : =8< 1K;> 7=0G8B5;L=> EC65, G5< : ?@>AB8BCB:0<, =0@:><0=0<, =5?>;=>F5==K< >B @>645=8O, 1>;L=K< !><, 1@>4O30<, 0;:>3>;8:0< 8 2K4C<0==K< (8 ?>B><C >A>15==> >?0A=K<) "@>:5@0<". B25BK A8;L=> 7028A5;8 >B C@>2=O >1@07>20=8O (";8:2848@>20BL" 3><>A5:AC0;8AB>2 ?@54;030;8 38 ?@>F5=B>2 ;8F A =5?>;=K< A@54=8< >1@07>20=85< 8 22 ?@>F5=B0 - A 2KAH8<) 8 2>7@0AB0 (A0<K5 =5B5@?8<K5 - ;8F0 AB0@H5 50 ;5B), => ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 A2O70=0 A ?>;>2>9 ?@8=04;56=>ABLN.  A>F80;L=>< ?;0=5 <0:A8<0;L=CN 3><>D>18N >1=0@C68;8 ?5=A8>=5@K, 4><>E>7O9:8 8 2>5==>A;C60I85, 0 <8=8<0;L=CN - :>>?5@0B>@K, 70 :>B>@K<8 H;8 =0CG=K5 A>B@C4=8:8 8 EC4>65AB25==0O 8=B5;;835=F8O (20 ?@>F5=B>2 70 ";8:2840F8N" 8 34 ?@>F5=B0 - 70 "87>;OF8N"). ?@545;5==>9 A2O78 3><>D>188 A 8<CI5AB25==K< ?>;>65=85< =5 1K;>, 70B> 1K;0 A2O7L A =0;8G85< ;8G=>9 181;8>B5:8: ;N48, 8<5NI85 1>;LHCN 4><0H=NN 181;8>B5:C, 7=0G8B5;L=> ;815@0;L=55 B5E, :B> 55 =5 8<55B. 538>=0;L=> 3><>D>18O A8;L=55 2A53> 1K;0 ?@54AB02;5=0 2 #715:8AB0=5 (54 ?@>F5=B0 70 ";8:2840F8N"), 70B5< H;8 @C78O 8 @<5=8O (43 ?@>F5=B0), 0 A0<K<8 ;815@0;L=K<8 >:070;8AL >A:20 8 8B20 (26 ?@>F5=B>2 70 ";8:2840F8N"). > @5;838>7=>9 ?@8=04;56=>AB8, <CAC;L<0=5 2K3;O4OB 1>;55 =5B5@?8<K<8, G5< E@8AB80=5. =>3>5 7028A8B >B @07<5@>2 =0A5;5==>3> ?C=:B0: <>A:28G8 B5@?8<55, G5< 68B5;8 ?5@8D5@89=KE 3>@>4>2 8 G5< A5;LA:85 68B5;8. @8 >?@>A5, ?@>2545==>< =AB8BCB>< <>;>4568 2 8N;5 1990 3. A@548 =0A5;5=8O 16 @538>=>2 !$!  (>?@>H5=> 1500 G5;>25:, 87 =8E 26 ?@>F5=B>2 - <>;>65 30 ;5B), 3><>A5:AC0;K A=>20 >:070;8AL A0<>9 =5=02848<>9 3@C??>9: 62 ?@>F5=B0 >?@>H5==KE 8E @57:> >AC640NB, 20 ?@>F5=B>2 >B=>AOBAO =59B@0;L=>, 0,6 ?@>F5=B0 - ?>;>68B5;L=>, 8 ?@>F5=B>2 >B >B25B0 C:;>=8;8AL.31 N4O< B@C4=> 1K;> 4065 >1AC640BL MB8 2>?@>AK. =0;878@CO 40==K5 &, A>F8>;>38 2K45;8;8 425 :@09=85 3@C??K @5A?>=45=B>2: @5?@5AA82=>-@8384=KE 8 B5@?8<KE, B>;5@0=B=KE. -B8 3@C??K @07;8G=K ?>GB8 2> 2A5<, 2:;NG0O >B=>H5=85 : 3><>A5:AC0;0<: ?5@2K5 70 B>, GB>1K 8E ";8:2848@>20BL", 0 2B>@K5 - 70 >:070=85 8< A>F80;L=>9 ?><>I8. 48=AB25==K9 ?C=:B, 345 8E <=5=8O A>2?040NB, - GB> ?@>1;5<K 3><>A5:AC0;L=KE >B=>H5=89 =5;L7O 8;8 =565;0B5;L=> >1AC640BL 2 ?5G0B8.32  1990 3. =AB8BCB A>F8>;>388  8 &5=B@ >1I5G5;>25G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 >?@0H820;8 =0A5;5=85 2@>?59A:>9 G0AB8 !!!  (4309 G5;>25:) > 53> >B=>H5=88, ?> 11-10;;L=>9 H:0;5 (>B ">G5=L =5 =@028BAO" 4> ">G5=L =@028BAO") : @07;8G=K< MB=8G5A:8< 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8< 3@C??0<, :C40 2:;NG8;8 B0:65 3><>A5:AC0;8AB>2.33 ><>A5:AC0;8ABK 70=O;8 B@5BL5 <5AB> ?> =5?@8O7=8, ?>A;5 "=5>=0F8AB>2" 8 "AB0;8=8AB>2"; :@09=NN ?>78F8N (">G5=L =5 =@028BAO") 2K1@0;8 68,7 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 69,4 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=. > 2>7@0ABC A0<K<8 =5B5@?8<K<8 >:070;8AL ;N48 >B 41 4> 50 ;5B (75,2 ?@>F5=B0 :@09=8E >B25B>2) 8 >B 31 4> 40 ;5B (72 ?@>F5=B0). 1@07>20=85 =5 B>;L:> =5 A<O3G05B 3><>D>18N, => 4065 CA8;8205B 55; <0:A8<C< 2@06451=>AB8 (76,7 ?@>F5=B0) ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;8 ;N48 A> A@54=8< A?5F80;L=K< >1@07>20=85<, =0 2B>@>< <5AB5 - A 2KAH8< >1@07>20=85< (70,4 ?@>F5=B0).  1992 3. 8AA;54>20=85, ?@>2545==>5 ?@8 CG0AB88 CG5=KE ?>;8B>;>3>2 %LNAB>=A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 659<A0 81A>=0 8 MO 0G0, >E20B82H55 2AN B5@@8B>@8N 1K2H53> !!! , 40;> AE>4=K5 @57C;LB0BK: 3><>A5:AC0;8ABK AB>OB ?> =5?@8O7=8 =0 2B>@>< <5AB5 ?>A;5 =5>D0H8AB>2, >=8 ">G5=L =5 =@02OBAO" 58,2 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 58,6 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=. @0240, 2>7@0AB=K5 ?0@0<5B@K 3><>D>188 745AL =5A:>;L:> 8=K5; A0<K5 =5B5@?8<K5 - ;N48, @>482H85AO <564C 1921 8 1960 33., >B25BK <>;>4568 =0 4 - 6 ?@>F5=B>2 B5@?8<55.34 4=0:> =5A<>B@O =0 >1I55 ?@54C15645=85 ?@>B82 3><>A5:AC0;>2, 2 <0AA>2>< A>7=0=88 ?@>8AE>4OB 70<5B=K5 A42838. ?@>A, ?@>2545==K9 & 2 1994 3., 2KO28; =5:>B>@K9 >1I89 @>AB B>;5@0=B=>AB8 @>AA8O= ?> A@02=5=8N A 1989 3. @8<5=8B5;L=> : "3>;C1K<" >=, ?>60;C9, =081>;55 70<5B5=. =8 =5 B>;L:> CABC?8;8 ?0;L<C ?5@25=AB20 ?> =5?@8O7=8 =0@:><0=0<, => 8 >1I55 >B=>H5=85 : =8< 70<5B=> C;CGH8;>AL. >;8G5AB2> 65;0NI8E ";8:2848@>20BL" 8E C<5=LH8;>AL A 31 ?@>F5=B0 2 1989 (745AL 8 40;LH5 ?@82>4OBAO 40==K5 B>;L:> ?> >AA88, 0 =5 ?> !>N7C, :0: 2KH5) 4> 22 ?@>F5=B>2 2 1994 3. 0 "87>;OF8N" 2<5AB> 32 ?@>F5=B>2 2KA:070;8AL 23 ?@>F5=B0. 0?@>B82, 70 "?><>IL" 2KA:070;8AL 8 ?@>F5=B>2 2<5AB> 6, 0 70 B>, GB>1K ?@54>AB028BL 8E A0<8< A515 - 29 2<5AB> 12 ?@>F5=B>2, @>AB 2 2,5 @070.35 G5=L 2K@078B5;L=K A>F80;L=>-2>7@0AB=K5 ?0@0<5B@K MB>3> >?@>A0. @54>AB028BL 3><>A5:AC0;>2 A0<8< A515 3>B>2K 40.8 ?@>F5=B0 ;N459 <>;>65 24 ;5B 8 B>;L:> 12.3 ?@>F5=B0 B5E, :B> AB0@H5 55. !@548 ;N459 A 2KAH8< 8 =570:>=G5==K< 2KAH8< >1@07>20=85< MB>B 20@80=B >B25B0 2K1@0;8 43.4, 0 A >1@07>20=85< =865 A@54=53> - 20.4 ?@>F5=B0 >?@>H5==KE. > A>F80;L=>-?@>D5AA8>=0;L=><C AB0BCAC, A0<K<8 ;815@0;L=K<8 O2;ONBAO @C:>2>48B5;8 8 A?5F80;8ABK (47.1 8 42.6 ?@>F5=B0), 0 A0<K<8 =5B5@?8<K<8 - ?5=A8>=5@K (12.1 ?@>F5=B0). N48, @01>B0NI85 2 G0AB=>< A5:B>@5 8 8<5NI85 2KA>:89 4>E>4 >?5@560NB 154=KE 8 @01>B=8:>2 3>AC40@AB25==>3> A5:B>@0, 0 68B5;8 >A:2K 8 !0=:B-5B5@1C@30 ACI5AB25==> (37.8 ?@>B82 21.7 ?@>F5=B0) >?5@560NB A5;LG0=. !E>4=K5 @57C;LB0BK 40NB 8 4@C385 <0AA>2K5 >?@>AK.  8N=5 1993 3. =0 2>?@>A & "0: 1K 2K >F5=8;8 ?> H:0;5 >B 1 4> 5 ?>2545=85 ;N459, :>B>@K5 8<5NB 3><>A5:AC0;L=K5 A2O78?" >B@8F0B5;L=K9 ?>;NA ("MB> 70A;C68205B >AC645=8O") 2K1@0;8 69.4 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 71.6 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=, 0 ?>;>68B5;L=K9 ?>;NA ("=5 286C 2 MB>< =8G53> ?@54>AC48B5;L=>3>") - B>;L:> 8.8 8 7.8 ?@>F5=B>2. > ?@8 @07182:5 ?> 2>7@0ABC, 2 <;04H59 2>7@0AB=>9 3@C??5 (>B 16 4> 25 ;5B) B0:85 ?>;O@=K5 >B25BK A>>B=>AOBAO :0: 54.3 : 18.5 , 0 2 AB0@H59 (AB0@H5 55 ;5B) - :0: 82.6 : 4.1. !E>4=0O :0@B8=0 8 A >1@07>20B5;L=K< C@>2=5<. !0<K<8 B5@?8<K<8 : 3><>A5:AC0;0< >:070;8AL <>;>4K5 65=I8=K >B 16 4> 25 ;5B, A@548 :>B>@KE =8G53> ?@54>AC48B5;L=>3> 2 B0:>< ?>2545=88 =5 284OB 22 ?@>F5=B0 (A@548 <C6G8= B>3> 65 2>7@0AB0 B0: >B25B8;8 B>;L:> 13 ?@>F5=B>2; @07=8F0 2?>;=5 >1JOA=8<0, B0: :0: N=>H0< MB>3> 2>7@0AB0 5I5 =C6=> 4>:07K20BL A515 8 4@C38< A>1AB25==CN <0A:C;8==>ABL, >4=8< 87 ?>:070B5;59 :>B>@>9 O2;O5BAO 35B5@>A5:AC0;L=>ABL). =B5@5A=K B0:65 "?@><56CB>G=K5" 3@C??K (AC<<8@>20==K5 >B25BK =0 2B>@CN 8 B@5BLN ABC?5=8 H:0;K), :>B>@K5 ?><5I0NB 3><>A5:AC0;L=>ABL 345-B> <564C 45280F859 8 =>@<>9, =5 @0AAB02;OO >:>=G0B5;L=KE 0:F5=B>2.  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A8<?0B859 8 ?>=8<0=85<" 2K1@0;8 2.6 ?@>F5=B0 N=>H59 8 9.3 ?@>F5=B0 452CH5:, =59B@0;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 ("=5 286C 2 MB>< =8G53> >A>15==>3>") - 19.2 8 32. 5 ?@>F5=B0 8 >B@8F0B5;L=>5 ("8A?KBK20N : =8< >B2@0I5=85") - 48.4 ?@>F5=B0 N=>H59 8 21.2 ?@>F5=B0 452CH5:. ! 1>;55 157;8G=K< AC645=85< "><>A5:AC0;L=K5 >B=>H5=8O =5 4>;6=K >AC640BLAO 2 =0H5 2@5<O" A>3;0A8;8AL 15 ?@>F5=B>2 N=>H59 8 22 ?@>F5=B0 452CH5:, =5 A>3;0A8;8AL 32 8 21 ?@>F5=B, =5 8<5NB >?@545;5==>3> <=5=8O 24 8 21 ?@>F5=B.  >?@>A5 CG0I8EAO 7-9 :;0AA>2 ?8;>B=KE H:>; 2 1997 3. A AC645=85< "><>A5:AC0;L=K5 >B=>H5=8O =5 4>;6=K >AC640BLAO, MB> ;8G=>5 45;> :064>3>" ?>;=>ABLN A>3;0A8;8AL 37.7 ?@>F5=B0 <0;LG8:>2 8 53 ?@>F5=B0 452>G5:, A:>@55 A>3;0A=K, G5< =5A>3;0A=K 17 8 19 ?@>F5=B>2, =5 A>3;0A=K 24.4 ?@>F5=B0 <0;LG8:>2 8 10.4 ?@>F5=B0 452>G5:, 70B@C4=8;8AL >B25B8BL 20.7 8 17.2 ?@>F5=B0 >?@>H5==KE. >4@>AB:8 >:070;8AL 2 MB>< 2>?@>A5 7=0G8B5;L=>, 2 2-3 @070 B5@?8<55 A2>8E @>48B5;59 8 CG8B5;59. %>BO B5=45=F88 @0728B8O 2 >AA88 2 MB>< 2>?@>A5 B5 65, GB> 8 2 AB@0=0E 0?040, 2>?@>A > A5:AC0;L=KE <5=LH8=AB20E >AB05BAO G@572KG09=> A;>6=K< 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8 >AB@K<. >A;5 ?@>20;0 023CAB>2A:>3> (1991 3.) ?CBG0 8 70B5< >B<5=K AB0BL8 121.1 8E ?>;>65=85 70<5B=> C;CGH8;>AL. =8 AB0;8 2848<K<8 8 A;KH8<K<8, 0 8=>340 8 C20605<K<8. 4=>?>;0O ;N1>2L, 5I5 =5402=> =5=07K205<0O, AB0;0 <>4=>9 B5<>9 A@54AB2 <0AA>2>9 8=D>@<0F88 8 8A:CAAB20. -B0 B5<0 70=8<05B 206=>5 <5AB> 2 B2>@G5AB25 ?>?C;O@=>3> B50B@0;L=>3> @568AA5@0 ><0=0 8:BN:0, =0 53> A?5:B0:;OE 2A5340 0=H;03.  5B5@1C@35 8725AB=K9 B0=F>@ 0;5@89 8E09;>2A:89 A>740; 25;8:>;5?=K9 10;5B. =0<5=8BK9 E>@5>3@0D >@8A -9D<0= ?>AB028; 2 A2>5< B50B@5 A>2@5<5==>3> 10;5B0 A?5:B0:;L, ?>A2OI5==K9 687=8 '09:>2A:>3>, :>B>@K9 8<5; >B;8G=CN ?@5AAC, @0=LH5 4065 =0<5: =0 A5:AC0;L=K5 A;>6=>AB8 :><?>78B>@0 2>A?@8=8<0;AO :0: :>IC=AB2>. @>1;5<K 3552 8 ;5A18O=>: >B:@KB> >1AC640NBAO =0 " 8 2 <0AA>2KE 3075B0E.  :8=>B50B@0E 8 ?> B5;52845=8N 84CB :;0AA8G5A:85 D8;L<K 60@<5=0, 8A:>=B8 8 4@C38E. ><>A5:AC0;L=K5 0;;N788 C65 <0;> :>3> H>:8@CNB. (8@>:89 G8B0B5;L 2?5@2K5 >B:@K; 4;O A51O ?>M78N 8E08;0 C7<8=0 8 53> 7=0<5=8BK9 @><0= "@K;LO" (2K =5 ?>25@8B5, => O 2?5@2K5 ?>7=0:><8;AO A =8<8 2 181;8>B5:5 0@20@4A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0 2 1991 3.!) ?C1;8:>20=> 8AA;54>20=85 ?>:>9=>9 !.. >;O:>2>9 > 2708<>>BH5=8OE 0@8=K &25B052>9 8 !>DL8 0@=>:. 0 @CAA:89 O7K: ?5@52545=K @><0=K 0=0 5=M, 659<A0 >;4C8=0, "@C<M=0 0?>B5, .:8> 8A8<K, AB8E8 020D8A0, 2>A?><8=0=8O 0=0 0@M 8 B.4. ?C1;8:>20= 42CEB><=8: A>G8=5=89 B0;0=B;82>3> @CAA:>3> ?8A0B5;O, 0:B5@0 8 @568AA5@0 235=8O %0@8B>=>20 (1941-1981). =>3>5 <5=O5BAO 2 ?>2A54=52=>< 1KBC.  >A:25 8 5B5@1C@35 >B:@KB> DC=:F8>=8@CNB 3>;C1K5 48A:>B5:8 8 10@K. 58 8 ;5A18O=:8 8<5NB @538>=0;L=K5 ?@02>70I8B=K5 8 :C;LBC@=K5 >@30=870F88 2 >A:25, 5B5@1C@35, 0@=0C;5, >AB>25, 86=5< "038;5, 0;C35, C@<0=A:5, <A:5, "><A:5, /@>A;02;5 8 =5:>B>@KE 4@C38E 3>@>40E. 5A<>B@O =0 D8=0=A>2K5 8 8=K5 B@C4=>AB8, @0728205BAO "3>;C10O" ?@5AA0. 740205<0O 0;8=8=K< 3075B0 "5<0 (>1JO2;5==K9 B8@06 - 20 BKAOG M:75<?;O@>2), 2 1993 3 =0 13 =><5@5 70:>=G8;0 A2>5 ACI5AB2>20=85; ?> A;>20< 0;8=8=0, >=0 "2K?>;=8;0 A2>N 8AB>@8G5A:CN <8AA8N". ">20@8I5AB2> " - !" (  = AA>F80F8O 70 @02=>?@0285 3><>A5:AC0;8AB>2) A 1992 3. 2K?CA:05B 3075BC ! (" 02=>?@0285-A:@5==>ABL-!2>1>40-><?@><8AA") (@540:B>@ ;048A;02 @B0=>2, B8@06 5 BKAOG, 2A53> 2KH;> 7 =><5@>2).  1994 3. @B0=>2 ?5@540; @540:B8@>20=85 3075BK, ?@5>1@07>20==>9 2 ;8B5@0BC@=K9 6C@=0;, <8B@8N C7L<8=C, 0 A0< AB0; 874020BL 8;;NAB@8@>20==K9 M@>B8G5A:89 ;8B5@0BC@=>-?C1;8F8AB8G5A:89 8 @5:;0<=K9 6C@=0; 4;O 3552   (?>:0 2KH;> 2 =><5@0). !0<0O AB018;L=0O 3552A:0O 3075B0 - 1/10 (A =>O1@O 1991 3., @540:B>@ <8B@89 KG52, 2KH;> 22 =><5@>2, B8@06 - 25 BKAOG). ! 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(1992, ! 2-3) >B:@K; 48A:CAA8N > ?@>1;5<5 ?>AB>O==>3> ?0@B=5@0, 19-;5B=89 3>@L =0?8A0;: ">-<>5<C, 2A5 MB8 @073>2>@K > ?>AB>O=AB25 - >4=0 A?;>H=0O <CBL... !?0BL 2A5 2@5<O A >4=8< 8 B5< 65 - A:CG=>, MB> 65 56C ?>=OB=>! /, A;020 >3C, =5 C@>4, 8 <>3C A515 =09B8 AB>;L:> ?0@=59, A:>;L:> =04>: @07=K5 B5;0, @07=K5 3C1K, @07=K5 G;5=K - :064K9 @07 =>2K9 :09D. >B ;5B G5@57 20, :>340 <=5 C65 1C45B =8G53> =5 =C6=>, ?@845BAO >17025AB8AL :5<-B> ?>AB>O==K<, 0 A59G0A - GB> O, G>:=CBK9?"  @O4>< - ?8AL<> 27-;5B=53> <8B@8O: "/ =5 7=0N, GB> B0:>5 ?@>1;5<0 ?>AB>O==>3> ?0@B=5@0. @>AB> A B5E ?>@, :0: 3>4 =0704 >= 2>H5; 2 <>N 687=L, >=0 AB0;0 =0?>;=5==>9 8 >A<KA;5==>9. / E>GC 53> ?>AB>O==>, 2A5 2@5<O, => 45;> =5 2 MB><: C65 4>AB0B>G=> 402=> A5:A >B>H5; :C40-B> =0 2B>@>9 ?;0=, : B><C 65 68BL =0< =5345, B0: GB> 2<5AB5 <K ?> 1>;LH59 G0AB8 3C;O5< ?> 3>@>4C 8 ?L5< G09 2 3>ABOE C 53> 8;8 <>8E 4@C759, 402=> C65 AB02H8E >1I8<8... 025@=>, =0A <>6=> =0720BL ?>AB>O==K<8 ?0@B=5@0<8, 0 4;O <5=O >= - =8:0:>9 =5 "?0@B=5@", 0 ;N18<K9.  MB> =02A5340." >;8B8G5A:0O 45OB5;L=>ABL 3552 8 ;5A18O=>: <5=55 CA?5H=0.  ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 1990-E 3>4>2 >=8 A>740;8 =5A:>;L:> A0<>AB>OB5;L=KE ?@02>70I8B=KE 8 ?@>A25B8B5;LA:8E >@30=870F89.  !0=:B-5B5@1C@35 MB> 1K;8 >A=>20==K9 ;L3>9 C: "$>=4 :C;LBC@=>9 8=8F80B82K 8 70I8BK A5:AC0;L=KE <5=LH8=AB2 8<5=8 '09:>2A:>3>" 8 AA>F80F8O 70I8BK 3><>A5:AC0;8AB>2 "@K;LO" 2> 3;025 A ?@>D5AA>@>< ;5:A0=4@>< CE0@A:8< ("@K;LO" A=0G0;0 =07K20;8AL "52A:8<8 15@530<8", 0 70B5< "52A:>9 ?5@A?5:B82>9", => 3>@>4A:85 2;0AB8 A>G;8 MB> =0720=85 "?@>?030=48@CNI8< 3><>A5:AC0;870F8N @538>=0").  >A:25 =><8=0;L=> ACI5AB2C5B >D8F80;L=> =5 70@538AB@8@>20==K9 ?>;8B8G5A:89 A>N7 "A2>1>645=85", A>740==K9 2 1991 3. 51@O=A:>9 8 0;8=8=K< 2<5AB> !. 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"5< =5 <5=55 >=> ?>;57=> 8 MDD5:B82=>. 1. 5B8 8 ?>4@>AB:8, ?@>H54H85 A8AB5<0B8G5A:89 :C@A A5:AC0;L=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O, 1>;LH5 7=0NB > A5:AC0;L=>AB8, 8 8E 7=0=8O 1>;55 4>AB>25@=K. 2. -B> =5 A=8<05B ?@>1;5< 8 B@C4=>AB59 ?A8E>A5:AC0;L=>3> @0728B8O, => >1;53G05B @07@5H5=85 2>7=8:0NI8E ?@8 MB>< :>=D;8:B>2. 3. =0=85 >1;53G05B ?>=8<0=85 8 B5@?8<>ABL : GC68< 273;O40< 8 ?>2545=8N, GB> 25AL<0 F5==> :0: 2 ;8G=><, B0: 8 >1I5AB25==>< ?;0=5. 4. A;8 :C@A A5:AC0;L=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O 2:;NG05B A2545=8O > :>=B@0F5?F88 8 ?@5?>405BAO 4>AB0B>G=> @0=>, >= @57:> C<5=LH05B :>;8G5AB2> ?>4@>AB:>2KE 15@5<5==>AB59 8 01>@B>2. 0 <>9 273;O4, MB> =5<0;>.  254L :@><5 =5?>A@54AB25==KE @57C;LB0B>2, ACI5AB2C5B 4>;3>A@>G=K9, 8AB>@8G5A:89 MDD5:B. N48, ?>;CG82H85 2 45BAB25 E>@>H55 ?>;>2>5 2>A?8B0=85, =5 B>;L:> A0<8 682CB ;CGH5, => 8 ?5@540NB A2>8 7=0=8O 8 =02K:8 45BO<, GB> C<5=LH05B =0?@O65==>ABL 2 >B=>H5=8OE <564C @>48B5;O<8 8 45BL<8. %>BO =0H =0@>4 ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 8=D>@<8@>20= >1 MB8E D0:B0E, >= 8=BC8B82=> GC2AB2C5B 8AB8=C. > 2A5E @5?@575=B0B82=KE >?@>A0E >1I5AB25==>3> <=5=8O, :>B>@K5 & ?@>2>48; A 1989 3>40, ?>402;ONI55 1>;LH8=AB2> 27@>A;>3> =0A5;5=8O 2KA:070;>AL 2 ?>;L7C A8AB5<0B8G5A:>3> A5:AC0;L=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O, >A>15==> H:>;L=>3>.  :>=F5 1989 3. >B25BK =0 2>?@>A: "0:85 :0=0;K ?>;CG5=8O 8=D>@<0F88 ?> 2>?@>A0< A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8 2K AG8B05B5 =081>;55 ?@85<;5<K<8 8 MDD5:B82=K<8?" @0A?@545;8;8AL A;54CNI8< >1@07><: A?5F80;L=K9 CG51=K9 :C@A 2 H:>;0E, CG51=KE 702545=8OE - 45,6 ?@>F5=B0; A?5F80;L=0O =0CG=>-?>?C;O@=0O ;8B5@0BC@0 - 42,5 ?@>F5=B0; A?5F80;L=K5 =0CG=>-?>?C;O@=K5 D8;L<K, A?5F80;L=0O =0CG=>-?>?C;O@=0O ?@>3@0<<0 B5;52845=8O - 28,7 ?@>F5=B0; :>=AC;LB0F88 C 2@0G59-A?5F80;8AB>2 - 22,2 ?@>F5=B0; 15A54K A @>48B5;O<8 - 21,4 ?@>F5=B0; >1AC645=85 ?@>1;5< A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8 A> A25@AB=8:0<8 - 5,3 ?@>F5=B0; 4@C385 A?>A>1K - 0,7 ?@>F5=B0; ?@>A25I5=85 <>;>4568 2 2>?@>A0E A5:AC0;L=>9 687=8 2>>1I5 =5 =C6=> - 3,0 ?@>F5=B0; 70B@C4=8;8AL A >B25B>< - 6,2 ?@>F5=B0. @8 2A5@>AA89A:>< >?@>A5 2 1991 3. 70 22545=85 C@>:>2 ?>;>2>3> ?@>A25I5=8O 2 H:>;5, =0G8=0O A 5-6 :;0AA0, 2KA:070;8AL 60 ?@>F5=B>2 (65=I8=K - 61, <C6G8=K - 58), ?@>B82 - 21 ?@>F5=B. @8G5< >G5=L 25;8:0 2 3;070 2>7@0AB=0O @07=8F0: A@548 ;N459 <>;>65 25 ;5B ?>;>68B5;L=> >B25B8;8 A2KH5 80 ?@>F5=B>2, 0 A@548 B5E, :B> AB0@H5 60, - 38 ?@>F5=B>2. N48, 4;O :>B>@KE A5:A C65 ?5@5AB0; 1K;L 0:BC0;L=K<, AB0@0NBAO 701;>:8@>20BL 8=D>@<0F8N 4;O B5E, C :>3> 687=L 5I5 2?5@548. > 2F8><>2A:89 0=:5B5 1992 3. 1K; 2>?@>A, ?@5?>4020=8N :0:8E H:>;L=KE ?@54<5B>2 A59G0A A;54>20;> 1K, ?> <=5=8N @5A?>=45=B>2, C45;8BL =081>;LH55 2=8<0=85.  4;8==>< A?8A:5 ?@54<5B>2 D83C@8@>20;0 8 "38385=0 A5:AC0;L=KE >B=>H5=89" (=0720=85, ?@O<> A:065<, =5 A;8H:>< C2;5:0B5;L=>5).  A;02O=A:>< @538>=5 MB>B ?@54<5B 2KH5; C <C6G8= =0 H5AB>5, 0 C 65=I8= - =0 G5B25@B>5 ?> 7=0G8<>AB8 <5AB>. ;04H0O 2>7@0AB=0O 3@C??0 (>B 16 4> 20 ;5B) 4065 ?>AB028;0 53> =0 ?5@2>5 (53> C?><O=C;8 29 ?@>F5=B>2 >?@>H5==KE), 0 3@C??0 20-24-;5B=8E - =0 2B>@>5 <5AB>. > 40==K< >1I5=0F8>=0;L=>3> >?@>A0 & 2 1994 3., 81 ?@>F5=B 27@>A;KE 2KABC?0NB 70 22545=85 ?>;>2>3> ?@>A25I5=8O 2 >1@07>20B5;L=KE CG@5645=8OE 4;O 14-16-;5B=8E ?>4@>AB:>2 8 B>;L:> 10 ?@>F5=B>2  ?@>B82 (:0B53>@8G5A:8 ?@>B82 ;8HL 2.7 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 4.4 ?@>F5=B0 65=I8=) . C6G8=K ?>445@6820NB A5:AC0;L=>5 ?@>A25I5=85 1>;LH5, G5< 65=I8=K, <>;>4K5 - 1>;LH5, G5< ?>68;K5 (A@548 @5A?>=45=B>2 <>;>65 25 ;5B 157CA;>2=> ?>445@6820NB 22545=85 B0:>3> :C@A0 70 ?@>F5=B>2, 0 A@548 B5E, :B> AB0@H5 55 ;5B, - 32 ?@>F5=B0), 8 ;N48 A 2KAH8< >1@07>20=85< - 1>;LH5, G5< A =0G0;L=K< (61 : 38 ?@>F5=B>2). 42 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 37 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8= A>3;0A=K 4065 =0 B>, GB>1K MB>B :C@A ?>;CG0;8 10-13-;5B=85 H:>;L=8:8. K1>@>G=K5 >?@>AK H:>;L=8:>2, CG8B5;59 8 @>48B5;59 ?>:07K20NB B> 65 A0<>5. @8 >?@>A5 16-19 ;5B=8E N=>H59 8 452CH5: 2 1995 3. A <=5=85<, GB> "A5:AC0;L=K< >B=>H5=8O< =C6=> C45;OBL =5 <5=LH5 2=8<0=8O, G5< CG515 8;8 @01>B5" A>3;0A8;8AL 59 ?@>F5=B>2 452CH5: 8 60 ?@>F5=B>2 N=>H59 (=5 A>3;0A8;8AL 21 8 23 ?@>F5=B0) . ! 84559 225AB8 2 H:>;0E A?5F80;L=K9 :C@A A5:AC0;L=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O A>3;0A=K 88 ?@>F5=B>2 452CH5: 8 78.5 ?@>F5=B0 N=>H59 ( ?@>B82 - 5 8 9 ?@>F5=B>2). @8 >?@>A5 2 1997 3. 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"01;8F0 1 !>3;0A85 / =5A>3;0A85 A CB25@645=85< : " H:>;0E A;54C5B 225AB8 A?5F80;L=K9 :C@A A5:AC0;L=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O" 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B <5AB0 2 ?5403>38G5A:>< ?@>F5AA5 8 ?>;0 (%)  07C<55BAO, MB> B>;L:> 25@ECH:0 09A15@30. 0: B>;L:> 70E>48B 2>?@>A > B><, G5< 8<5==> 4>;6=> 70=8<0BLAO A5:AC0;L=>5 ?@>A25I5=85, :B> 8 :0: 4>;65= 53> ?@>2>48BL, <=5=8O ;N459 @0AE>4OBAO. @8 0=:5B8@>20=88 3@C??K H:>;L=8:>2 2 >A:25 2 1993 3., 50 ?@>F5=B>2 ?>4@>AB:>2 A:070;8, GB> E>B5;8 1K ?>;CG0BL 8=D>@<0F8N >B 2@0G59, 22 ?@>F5=B0 - 87 A?5F80;L=>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 18 ?@>F5=B>2 - >B @>48B5;59 8 =8:B> - >B H:>;L=KE CG8B5;59. 0 2>?@>A > =5>1E>48<>AB8 A?5F80;L=KE H:>;L=KE C@>:>2 ?>;>2>3> ?@>A25I5=8O ?>;>68B5;L=> >B25B8;8 71 ?@>F5=B CG8B5;59, 69 ?@>F5=B>2 @>48B5;59 8 B>;L:> 21 ?@>F5=B ?>4@>AB:>2. 564C ?@>G8<, 83 ?@>F5=B0 CG8B5;59 B>65 AG8B0NB, GB> 25AB8 MB>B ?@54<5B 4>;65= "G5;>25: A> AB>@>=K". > MB>< 2>?@>A0< <>3CB 8 4>;6=K A?>@8BL A?5F80;8ABK, => B>, GB> >AA8O "A>7@5;0" 4;O A5:AC0;L=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O, A><=5=8N =5 ?>4;568B. 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B25B =0 2B>@>9 2>?@>A B0: 65 >G52845=: 70:@KBL <5@8:C, 0 1C45 A85 =52>7<>6=>, 04<8=8AB@0B82=> ?@53@048BL ?CB8 55 @0AB;5==><C 2;8O=8N. 48=AB25==>5 >B;8G85 A53>4=OH=59 <>@0;L=>9 ?0=8:8 >B ?@54H5AB2CNI8E A>AB>8B 2 B><, GB> 2 1991 3. :@5AB>2K9 ?>E>4 ?@>B82 A5:A0 8 M@>B8:8 2>73;02;O;0 !!, 0 B5?5@L 53> 8=8F88@>20;8 >@30=870F88, 459AB2CNI85 ?> @5F5?B0< 8 ?>4 M384>9 (=5 8A:;NG5=>, GB> 8 ?@8 D8=0=A>2>9 ?><>I8) 0<5@8:0=A:8E C;LB@0?@02KE >@30=870F89, B5E A0<KE ?@>B5AB0=BA:8E DC=40<5=B0;8AB>2, :>=:C@5=F88 :>B>@KE >?0A05BAO CAA:0O ?@02>A;02=0O F5@:>2L. 5GL 845B > B0: =07K205<>< <564C=0@>4=>< 42865=88 ProLife, ?@54AB02;ONI8< 87 A51O H8@>:CN :>0;8F8N C;LB@0?@02KE ?>;8B8G5A:8E 8 @5;838>7=KE 3@C?? 8 >@30=870F89, A F5=B@>< 2 !(. !0<>=0720=85 MB> >1<0=G82>. >4 ?@54;>3>< 1>@L1K "70 687=L" 8 ?@>B82 01>@B>2, >=> 2545B H8@>:CN 0B0:C ?@>B82 2A5E 45<>:@0B8G5A:8E 8=AB8BCB>2 8 3@0640=A:8E ?@02. <5@8:0=A:85 0=B801>@B=8:8, :0: 8E G0I5 2A53> =07K20NB, B@51CNB 70?@5B8BL =5 B>;L:> 01>@BK, => 8 :>=B@0F5?F8N, A5:AC0;L=>5 ?@>A25I5=85, ?@>4;5==K9 45=L 8 702B@0:8 2 H:>;5, :>B>@K5, ?> 8E <=5=8N, >A;01;ONB 2;8O=85 @>48B5;59.  3>4K E>;>4=>9 2>9=K >=8 2KABC?0;8 2 70I8BC O45@=>3> >@C68O 8 ?@>B82 >B<5=K A<5@B=>9 :07=8. ;O ProLife E0@0:B5@5= 2>8=AB2CNI89 0=B8:><<C=87< 8 65;0=85 ;N1>9 F5=>9 A>E@0=8BL B@048F8>==CN :;0AA>2CN, @0A>2CN 8 ?>;>2CN / 35=45@=CN 85@0@E8N 2 A5<L5 8 >1I5AB25. -B>B =5G5AB82K9 A>N7 E0=659 8 B5@@>@8AB>2 @0A?>;0305B >3@><=K<8 D8=0=A>2K<8 A@54AB20<8 8 2545B ?@>4C<0==CN 0=B845<>:@0B8G5A:CN ?@>?030=4C ?> 2A5<C <8@C, =5 3=CH0OAL 8 =0A8;LAB25==K<8 <5B>40<8. ! 1977 ?> 1996 3. 0:B828ABK "42865=8O" A>25@H8;8 2 !( 1983 0:B0 =0A8;8O, 2:;NG0O 5 C189AB2 (2@0G59 45;02H8E 01>@BK) , 43 27@K20, 109 ?>46>3>2, 351 =5;530;L=>5 2B>@65=85 2 GC685 4><0 8 CG@5645=8O, 645 0:B>2 20=40;87<0, 98 =0?045=89 8 87185=89 A2>8E 8459=KE ?@>B82=8:>2, 279 C3@>7 C189AB20. 0 MB8 8 4@C385 ?@5ABC?;5=8O 2;0AB8 !( 2K=C645=K 1K;8 ?@>8725AB8 33 769 0@5AB>2. 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MB>< 4CE5 459AB2CNB ?@02>A;02=K9 <548:>-?A8E>;>38G5A:89 F5=B@ "87=L", >@30=870F8O ">;C10" 8 @O4 4@C38E 3@C??. @8<8B82=0O 845>;>38O "0=B801>@B=8:>2" =5 8<55B 2 >AA88 H8@>:>9 ?>445@6:8: >?KB B>B0;L=>3> :>=B@>;O =04 ;8G=>ABLN, 2:;NG0O 70?@5B 01>@B>2, 5I5 A256 2 ?0<OB8 @>AA8O=. B25G0O =0 0=:5BC & 2 1993 3>4C, B>;L:> 16 ?@>F5=B>2 >?@>H5==KE A:070;8, GB> ?>445@60;8 1K 70?@5I5=85 01>@B>2, ?@8 60 ?@>F5=B0E ?@>B82. >402;ONI55 1>;LH8=AB2> @>AA8O=, 2:;NG0O ;N459 @5;838>7=KE, :0B53>@8G5A:8 ?@>B82 ?@8=C48B5;L=KE <5@ :0: ?>>I@5=8O, B0: 8 >3@0=8G5=8O @>6405<>AB8.  >?@>A5 & 1994 3>40 ?@02> 65=I8= =0 01>@B ?@87=0;8 73 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 88 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8= (?@>B82 - 11 8 8 ?@>F5=B>2). 74 ?@>F5=B0 <C6G8= 8 63 ?@>F5=B>2 65=I8= A>3;0A=K A B5<, GB> 14-16 ;5B=85 ?>4@>AB:8 8<5NB ?@02> =0 ?>;CG5=85 A@54AB2 :>=B@0F5?F88 4065 157 A>3;0A8O @>48B5;59! 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N1K5 ?>?KB:8 >3@0=8G8BL 8E A5:AC0;L=CN A2>1>4C 8 @53;0<5=B8@>20BL 8E ?>2545=85 8 GC2AB20, :B> 1K 8E =8 ?@54?@8=8<0;, 3>AC40@AB2>, F5@:>2L 8;8 >1I8==K5 8=AB8BCBK, 70@0=55 >1@5G5=K, B5, :B> ?>?KB05BAO MB> A45;0BL, B>;L:> ?>B5@ONB 02B>@8B5B. @@0F8>=0;L=K5 70?@5BK ?>@>640NB =5 AB>;L:> F5;><C4@85, A:>;L:> ;8F5<5@85 8;8 A;5?>9 1C=B, 0 B0:65 B5 A0<K5 >B@8F0B5;L=K5 ?>A;54AB28O =5F828;87>20==>3> A5:A0 (?>4@>AB:>2K5 15@5<5===>AB8, 01>@BK, A5:AC0;L=>5 =0A8;85 8 ), :>B>@KE @>48B5;8 8 2>A?8B0B5;8 E>B5;8 1K 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 871560BL. 4=0:> A5:AC0;L=0O :C;LBC@0 A0<0 A>1>9 =5 2>7=8:05B. 5 =04> ?;0=><5@=> A>74020BL, 8A?>;L7CO ?@8 MB>< B0:65 ?>;>68B5;L=K9 8 >B@8F0B5;L=K9 >?KB 0?040. A;8 <K MB>3> =5 AC<55< 8 1C45< @02=OBLAO =5 =0 ;CGH85, 0 =0 EC4H85 >1@07FK, :0: MB> ?@>8AE>48B A59G0A, <K 1C45< 8<5BL B5 65 A0<K5 8745@6:8, B>;L:> <=>3>:@0B=> 2K@>AH85.  40< ;50@89. ?8A0=85 ?CB5H5AB28O 2 >A:>28N 8 G5@57 >A:>28N 2 5@A8N 8 >1@0B=>. !1., 1906, A. 187  C.Carey. Les proverbes erotiques russes. 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">;AB>9. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89, B. 25, ., 1937, A 408.  .. >@O:>2A:89.  2@545 A@54AB2, ?@5?OBAB2CNI8E 70G0B8N // @0G. 1893. ! 32, A. 886,887. &8B. ?>: 8H=52A:89. 0==85 MB0?K.., A. 128.  "0< 65.  1I5AB2> @CAA:8E 2@0G59 2 ?0<OBL . .8@>3>20. 25=04F0BK9 8@>3>2A:89 AJ574. K?. II, !1., 1913, A. 88.  !<. . -=35;LHB59=. ;NG8 AG0ABLO, 3;. 1 -3.  1 8AB>@88 ?@>AB8BCF88 2 F0@A:>9 >AA88 A<. . . [5@F5=HB59=]. @>AB8BCF8O // -=F8:;>?548G5A:89 A;>20@L @>:30C70 8 D@>=0, ".25, !1., 1898, A. 479-486; . . 5@N68=A:89. >;8F59A:>5 ?@02>. !1., 1903; . . 5=B>28=. ">@3CNI85 B5;><. G5@:8 A>2@5<5==>9 ?@>AB8BCF88, 2-5 874., !1., 1909; ..@>==5@, . . ;8AB@0B>2. @>AB8BCF8O 2 >AA88. ., 1927; . . 528=0, . . (:0@>2A:89. @>AB8BCF8O 2 5B5@1C@35, 40-5 33. XIX 2. - 40-5 33. XX 2. .: @>3@5AA-:045<8O, 1994; . . >;>A5=:>. >AA89A:0O A>F8>;>38O ?@>AB8BCF88. 1861-1917. !1.: !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:89 D8;80; =AB8BCB0 A>F8>;>388 , 1997; ILStites. 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';5=>2. >;>20O ?5@5?8AL <>A:>2A:>3> ABC45=G5AB20 // CAA:89 2@0G. 1907. !31-32, A. 1072-1111.  !<. ..10=:>2.  ?>;>2>9 687=8 CG0I8EAO 65=I8= @0G51=>5 45;>. 1922. !10-12, A. 225.  . -=35;LHB59=. ;NG8 AG0ABLO, A. 255.  1 MB>< A;>6=>< O2;5=88 A<. .-B:8=4. !>4>< 8 A8E5O: G5@:8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>9 8AB>@88 !5@51@O=>3> 25:0. .: &-0@0=B, 1996.   1KBC : MB><C >B=>A8;8AL A?>:>9=>-8@>=8G5A:8. 070=>20 @0AA:07K205B > A2>59 2AB@5G5 A ;N18<G8:>< AB0BA-A5:@5B0@O "5?;>20, 15;>:C@K< :@0A02F5< ?>@CG8:>< C=8=K<, :>B>@K9 "?;520; =0 ?@54@0AAC4:8" 8 AB0@0;AO >1>;LI0BL 2A5E ?>4@O4. ">A5<C >= A5; 70 AB>; @O4>< A> <=>9 8 B0: :>:5B=8G0; 70 >154><, GB> O, ?@02> A;>2>, ?@8=O; 53> 70 4528FC, >45BCN ?0@=5<". 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